{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:18:45Z","timestamp":1785403125271,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,26]],"date-time":"2027-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803600000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#AM"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-20-1-2260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-20-1-2260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rk2pe57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency-modulated continuous-wave range-selective digital holography (FMCW RSDH) is a coherent imaging technique that enables selective imaging of objects, even when multiple are present in the depth of field. In this paper, the FMCW RSDH technique is demonstrated as an alternate method to record three-dimensional (3D) point clouds outdoors without mechanical scanning. The range of the RSDH system was extended by applying the frequency shift on the local oscillator (LO) beam in the RF domain (rather than the optical domain with acousto-optic frequency shifters, as was previously demonstrated), extending the potential range of operation to over a kilometer. Three-dimensional point clouds were produced with a range resolution of 8.3\u00a0cm, which was two orders of magnitude better than the optical system\u2019s non-diffraction-limited depth of field. RSDH images were recorded of a scene comprised of multiple objects distributed axially over 1.3\u00a0m at a range of 90\u00a0m. The transverse resolution and accuracy (assuming undistorted imaging) of the point clouds are governed by the sensor array and telescope, not by the mechanically scanned FMCW lidar system that was integrated with the FMCW RSDH system, and were thus observed to be an order of magnitude better than those of our scanned system. The required holographic stability of the imaged objects is reduced by orders of magnitude with FMCW RSDH compared to prior FMCW digital holographic techniques, enabling enhanced imaging of real-world scenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.586522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1770040810000},"page":"D38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outdoor demonstration of range-selective digital holography for three-dimensional imaging"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1367-6990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corey A.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w0trx84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w0trx84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachery","family":"Lakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w0trx84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wm. Randall","family":"Babbitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w0trx84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Krishna Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w0trx84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R1","first-page":"383","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Gschwendtner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Linc. Lab.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1332772","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.509710","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106836","type":"journal-article","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56483-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2019.2935266","type":"journal-article","volume":"39","author":"Crouch","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2781132","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536122000244","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anc.\n\t\t\t\t\tMesoam."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000665","type":"journal-article","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2525698","type":"journal-article","volume":"11056","author":"Yokota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-023-00840-w","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Hamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8745","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.008745","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.24.001693","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B255","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.444850","type":"journal-article","volume":"61","author":"Goodman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl.\n\t\t\t\t\tOpt."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.573746","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Pearson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1755043","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Goodman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Appl.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139061346","volume-title":"Introduction to Modern Digital\n\t\t\t\t\tHolography: With MATLAB","author":"Poon","year":"2014"},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D157","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.478525","type":"journal-article","volume":"62","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PC1291008","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3002803","type":"journal-article","volume":"PC12910","author":"Lakin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R21","volume-title":"The Ins and Outs of Focus: An\n\t\t\t\t\tAlternative Way to Estimate Depth-of-Field and Sharpness in the\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotographic Image","author":"Merklinger","year":"1992"},{"key":"ao-65-10-D38-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.528983","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-10-D38&am=y","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-10-D38&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:25:04Z","timestamp":1778682304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-10-D38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.586522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.586522","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}