{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:14:54Z","timestamp":1785428094914,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62375078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62073123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62073123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12572209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12572209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project\n\t\t\t\t\t\tof Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMedicine","award":["ZN2024A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN2024A02"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Ship\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural Safety","award":["NAKLAS2024KF016-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAKLAS2024KF016-S"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project Plan for Higher\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEducation Institutions in Henan Province","award":["24ZX011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZX011"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Young Backbone Teachers\n\t\t\t\t\t\tin Undergraduate Universities in Henan Province","award":["2023GGJS058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GGJS058"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Programme for Young Backbone\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTeachers in Henan University of Technology"},{"name":"Open Fund of Institute for Complexity\n\t\t\t\t\t\tScience","award":["CSKFJJ-2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSKFJJ-2024-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater structured-light three-dimensional (3D) imaging is essential\n\t\t\t\t\tfor the precise reconstruction of submerged objects in scientific and\n\t\t\t\t\tengineering applications. However, the observed fringe patterns are\n\t\t\t\t\toften degraded by underwater light attenuation, scattering, and\n\t\t\t\t\trefractive distortion, leading to fringe blurring and aliasing and,\n\t\t\t\t\tconsequently, reduced phase-reconstruction accuracy. To address these\n\t\t\t\t\tissues, we analyze the propagation characteristics of structured light\n\t\t\t\t\tin underwater environments and their effects on fringe image quality.\n\t\t\t\t\tWith that, we engineer a diffusion-model-based fringe restoration\n\t\t\t\t\tneural framework, referred to as FP-DiffNet, in which fringe\n\t\t\t\t\trestoration is formulated as a probability-driven iterative denoising\n\t\t\t\t\tprocess. Specifically, a U-Net model is trained to progressively map\n\t\t\t\t\tdegraded fringe observations to clear fringe patterns, incorporating\n\t\t\t\t\tphysics-guided constraints and an adaptive noise-annealing mechanism\n\t\t\t\t\tto effectively separate scattering-induced noise while preserving\n\t\t\t\t\tfringe structures during the reverse diffusion process. The proposed\n\t\t\t\t\tframework is evaluated in terms of fringe image quality, wrapped-phase\n\t\t\t\t\taccuracy, and 3D reconstruction performance. Under extremely high\n\t\t\t\t\tturbidity, it achieves a PSNR of 42.42\u00a0dB and a wrapped-phase\n\t\t\t\t\tMAE of 0.0354\u00a0rad. By combining diffusion-driven phase\n\t\t\t\t\treconstruction with dynamic compensation, sub-millimeter absolute\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasurement is achieved in turbid water, with a 3D reconstruction RMSE\n\t\t\t\t\tbelow 0.1\u00a0mm. Importantly, no prior modeling of water optical\n\t\t\t\t\tparameters is required, enabling robust and practical underwater 3D\n\t\t\t\t\timaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.589434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1772478009000},"page":"3138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Underwater structured-light 3D imaging method\u00a0based on FP-DiffNet"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-6333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhilong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006teas31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0933-2453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OPT Machine Vision Tech Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-10-3138-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.113345","type":"journal-article","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. 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Ordnance Equipment\n\t\t\t\t\tEng."},{"key":"ao-65-10-3138-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.6.4.046004","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotonics"},{"key":"ao-65-10-3138-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-024-2824-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci."},{"key":"ao-65-10-3138-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2025.109144","type":"journal-article","volume":"194","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers\n\t\t\t\t\tEng."},{"key":"ao-65-10-3138-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.54097\/papgd308","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Intell. 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All rights, including\n\t\t\t\t\tfor text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training,\n\t\t\t\t\tand similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}