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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studying plasma dynamics is crucial for understanding processes like\n\t\t\t\t\tinertial confinement fusion, material damage, and shockwave formation\n\t\t\t\t\tfrom intense laser or current interactions. While pump\u2013probe methods\n\t\t\t\t\tare standard for capturing these dynamics, single-shot experiments\n\t\t\t\t\tusing high-power, low-repetition-rate systems with custom targets are\n\t\t\t\t\tchallenging. We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, imaging\n\t\t\t\t\ttechnique, using a synchronized GHz-rate spectrally tagged probe\n\t\t\t\t\tlaser, which can capture multiple time-resolved snapshots from a\n\t\t\t\t\tsingle pump event. Diffraction optics spatially separate the pulses,\n\t\t\t\t\tyielding nanosecond-resolved images. Traditional pump\u2013probe\n\t\t\t\t\texperiments with tantalum and borosilicate glass show shockwave\n\t\t\t\t\tvelocities consistent with literature, validating the method\u2019s\n\t\t\t\t\taccuracy and utility in plasma diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.590043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1773756010000},"page":"3633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-shot multi-time-frame imaging of plasmas with a frequency tagged GHz pulse train"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-6782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin","family":"Twardowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2007-1968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Conrad","family":"Kuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-644X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed Yaseen","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason Allan","family":"Leicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Energies LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-9385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikhail N.","family":"Slipchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Energies LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9984-2747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul S.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Energies LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Energies LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukesh","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Energies LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-202X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-11-3633-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.195001","type":"journal-article","volume":"112","author":"Rygg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. 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