{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:58:42Z","timestamp":1790629122698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Current optical rangefinding exhibits an unfavorable trade-off in sensor selection, where traditional frame-based cameras are constrained by frame rate and provide no intrinsic mechanism for background rejection, while event-based active ranging systems recover speed only through steered illumination and computationally intensive reconstruction. To fill this gap, we present eSCHORTY, a Scheimpflug LiDAR that integrates an event-based sensor with a modulated continuous-wave line laser to enable dense 3D point cloud generation at event-camera throughput rates through a geometry-driven encoding scheme that uses a tilted sensor for snapshot ranging with a calibrated pixel-to-range mapping and no inverse reconstruction. Within the experimental conditions tested, the system is demonstrated to generate filtered point clouds at event rates up to one million events per second, with upward performance limited only by the raw event generation rate. We show that laser intensity modulation introduces a tunable trade-off between event-space feature detectability and spatial localization, and that logarithmic event encoding reduces the reflectance-induced centroid bias previously observed in intensity-based ranging. Reconstructions of natural scenes demonstrate qualitative recovery of complex scenes, while controlled targets are used to quantitatively characterize the ranging geometry and calibrate system model parameters. Although the present prototype is demonstrated over a limited stand-off range, the underlying Scheimpflug architecture is broadly reconfigurable, and practical considerations for longer distances are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.608268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1788444009000},"page":"9757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Event-based Scheimpflug LiDAR for ultra-fast laser-scanned rangefinding"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Meraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6757-7872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alisha","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wyant College of Optical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0783-5831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suet Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Boston University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6653-3743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronan","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Mayrend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-4030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfrh333","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2973615","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process.\n\t\t\t\t\tMag."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/abc578","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Shimizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315154381","volume-title":"Topographic Laser Ranging and\n\t\t\t\t\tScanning: Principles and Processing","author":"Shan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.08.005","type":"journal-article","volume":"54","author":"B\u00e1saca-Preciado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2016.10.017","type":"journal-article","volume":"88","author":"Droeschel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14041031","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Neyns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2020.05.003","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real. Intell. Hardw."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072314","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113001","type":"journal-article","volume":"216","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2021.102102","type":"journal-article","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-016-0784-4","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Horaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16010006","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.509710","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000001","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Antipa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Greene","year":"2026","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2605.13619","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R16","first-page":"1","article-title":"WISHED:\n\t\t\t\t\twavefront imaging sensor with high resolution and depth\n\t\t\t\t\tranging","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on\n\t\t\t\t\tComputational Photography (ICCP)","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044302","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.10.4.044302","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/3378444","type":"journal-article","volume":"53","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R19","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Towards real-time underwater\n\t\t\t\t\t3D reconstruction with plenoptic cameras","volume-title":"IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and\n\t\t\t\t\tSystems (IROS)","author":"Skinner","year":"2016"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3901431","type":"journal-article","volume":"2018","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347208","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3054806","type":"journal-article","volume":"13472","author":"Meraz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140330B","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3094690","type":"journal-article","volume":"14033","author":"Meraz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104060I","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2272939","type":"journal-article","volume":"10406","author":"Brydegaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27179","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.027179","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7643","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.007643","type":"journal-article","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl.\n\t\t\t\t\tOpt."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A628","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.00A628","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3008413","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Gallego","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal.\n\t\t\t\t\tMach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9130","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3586559","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern\n\t\t\t\t\tAnal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00275","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Brandli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurosci."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R30","first-page":"1","article-title":"MC3D: motion contrast 3D\n\t\t\t\t\tscanning","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on\n\t\t\t\t\tComputational Photography (ICCP)","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R31","first-page":"1165","article-title":"ESL: event-based structured\n\t\t\t\t\tlight","volume-title":"International Conference on 3D\n\t\t\t\t\tVision (3DV)","author":"Muglikar","year":"2021"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44554-8","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134590C","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3053238","type":"journal-article","volume":"13459","author":"Greene","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093938","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1995.466772","article-title":"Better optical triangulation\n\t\t\t\t\tthrough spacetime analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of\n\t\t\t\t\tIEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Curless","year":"1995"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11196","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.444730","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R38","first-page":"25648","article-title":"Seeing\n\t\t\t\t\tmotion at nighttime with an event camera","volume-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition\n\t\t\t\t\t(CVPR)","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1310","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1310","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Data\n\t\t\t\t\tMin. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.112316","type":"journal-article","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol."},{"key":"ao-65-28-9757-R41","first-page":"3857","article-title":"Events-to-video: bringing modern computer vision to\n\t\t\t\t\tevent cameras","volume-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on\n\t\t\t\t\tComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Rebecq","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-28-9757&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:06:49Z","timestamp":1790626009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-28-9757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.608268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.608268","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the\n\t\t\t\t\tOptica Open\n\t\t\t\t\tAccess Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}