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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The viscoelasticity and relaxation of liquid crystal molecules make the beam deflection dynamics of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator present a memory effect depending on historical states, which integer-order control cannot characterize, causing sluggish response and poor accuracy. FOPID lacks disturbance observation and compensation capability and can only suppress disturbances passively through error feedback. A fractional-order active disturbance rejection control method is proposed: a fractional-order extended state observer estimates the internal and external disturbances as a total disturbance and compensates them by feed-forward; a Smith predictor cancels the time delay; FOPSO-GWO tunes the controller parameters. 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