{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:10:39Z","timestamp":1777475439542,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHealth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK092255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK092255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The variations of mechanical properties in soft tissues are biomarkers\n\t\t\t\t\tused for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Optical coherence\n\t\t\t\t\telastography (OCE) has been extensively developed to investigate\n\t\t\t\t\tmechanical properties of various biological tissues. These methods are\n\t\t\t\t\tgenerally based on time-domain data and measure the time-of-flight of\n\t\t\t\t\tthe localized shear wave propagations to estimate the group velocity.\n\t\t\t\t\tHowever, there is considerable information that can be obtained from\n\t\t\t\t\texamining the mechanical properties such as wave propagation\n\t\t\t\t\tvelocities at different frequencies. Here we propose a method to\n\t\t\t\t\tevaluate phase velocity, wave velocity at various frequencies, in\n\t\t\t\t\tfour-dimensional space (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">x, y, z, f<\/jats:italic>),\n\t\t\t\t\tcalled 4D-OCE phase velocity. The method enables local estimates of\n\t\t\t\t\tthe phase velocity of propagating mechanical waves in a medium. We\n\t\t\t\t\tacquired and analyzed data with this method from a homogeneous\n\t\t\t\t\treference phantom, a heterogeneous phantom material with four\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferent excitation cases, and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n\t\t\t\t\tporcine kidney tissue. The 3D-OCE group velocity was also estimated to\n\t\t\t\t\tcompare with 4D-OCE phase velocity. Moreover, we performed numerical\n\t\t\t\t\tsimulation of wave propagations to illustrate the boundary behavior of\n\t\t\t\t\tthe propagating waves. The proposed 4D-OCE phase velocity is capable\n\t\t\t\t\tof providing further information in OCE to better understand the\n\t\t\t\t\tspatial variation of mechanical properties of various biological\n\t\t\t\t\ttissues with respect to frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.394835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:30:08Z","timestamp":1591677008000},"page":"3795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Four-dimensional (4D) phase velocity optical coherence elastography in heterogeneous materials and biological tissue"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-8821","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hsiao-Chuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-3420","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kijanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-11-7-3795-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0169-1","volume":"5","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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