{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:59:00Z","timestamp":1789185540128,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006510","name":"Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Duke-NUS-KP(Coll)\/2018\/0009A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Duke-NUS-KP(Coll)\/2018\/0009A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-000249-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-000249-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/CG\/C010A\/2017_SERI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CG\/C010A\/2017_SERI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/OFIRG\/0048\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/OFIRG\/0048\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/OFLCG\/004c\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/OFLCG\/004c\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visualizing and characterizing microvascular abnormalities with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has deepened our understanding of ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Two types of microvascular defects can be detected by OCTA: focal decrease because of localized absence and collapse of retinal capillaries, which is referred to as the non-perfusion area in OCTA, and diffuse perfusion decrease usually detected by comparing with healthy case-control groups. Wider OCTA allows for insights into peripheral retinal vascularity, but the heterogeneous perfusion distribution from the macula, parapapillary area to periphery hurdles the quantitative assessment. A normative database for OCTA could estimate how much individual\u2019s data deviate from the normal range, and where the deviations locate. Here, we acquired OCTA images using a swept-source OCT system and a 12\u00d712 mm protocol in healthy subjects. We automatically segmented the large blood vessels with U-Net, corrected for anatomical factors such as the relative position of fovea and disc, and segmented the capillaries by a moving window scheme. A total of 195 eyes were included and divided into 4 age groups: &lt; 30 (n=24) years old, 30-49 (n=28) years old, 50-69 (n=109) years old and &gt;69 (n=34) years old. This provides an age-dependent normative database for characterizing retinal perfusion abnormalities in 12\u00d712 mm OCTA images. The usefulness of the normative database was tested on two pathological groups: one with diabetic retinopathy; the other with glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.423469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T07:00:07Z","timestamp":1620889207000},"page":"4032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Developing a normative database for retinal perfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6532-9603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bingyao","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"NTU Institute for Health Technologies"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9643-9266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yin Ci","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-1211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dheo","family":"Yusufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damon","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"NTU Institute for Health Technologies"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-2609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ai Ping","family":"Yow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"NTU Institute for Health Technologies"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School"},{"name":"National Heart Centre Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C. S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School"},{"name":"Changi General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelvin C. A.","family":"Sng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekha","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoo Teck Puat Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralene","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ecosse","family":"Lamoureux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopold","family":"Schmetterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE)"},{"name":"NTU Institute for Health Technologies"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"},{"name":"Medical University of Vienna"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12854","volume":"102","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.001056","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-019-0160-3","volume":"6","author":"Tey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182278b64","volume":"32","author":"Aaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1919469","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19469","volume":"3","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. open"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.09.02","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0005-8","volume":"1","author":"de Carlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.007","volume":"3","author":"Choudhry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT211","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18793","volume":"57","author":"Coscas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13648","volume":"48","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1744164","volume":"45","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000812","volume":"37","author":"Zhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28","article-title":"U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.187","volume":"32","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056195","volume":"1496","author":"Frangi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Image Comput. Comput. Assist. Interv."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-013-0488-6","volume":"49","author":"Bekkers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100200","volume":"20","author":"Longo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.002394","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-009-0043-4","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT204","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18630","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12796","volume":"54","author":"Tham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15879","volume":"56","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.01.001","volume":"70","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.3","volume":"8","author":"Pappelis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.08.030","volume":"171","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21460","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25864","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.029","volume":"49","author":"Jansonius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.10.008","volume":"105","author":"Jansonius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14327","volume":"98","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.10.100901","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.396829","volume":"11","author":"Camino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3246","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26234","volume":"60","author":"Bata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16033","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3580-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"Samuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307942","volume":"100","author":"DIng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.07.044","volume":"141","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.6.4","volume":"5","author":"Hood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.019","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001328","volume":"36","author":"Ploner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.012","volume":"17","author":"Rask-Madsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001414","volume":"37","author":"Say","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.003905","volume":"7","author":"Camino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21551","volume":"58","author":"Sampson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-12-7-4032-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.2.7","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-12-7-4032&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T19:29:33Z","timestamp":1722972573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-7-4032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.423469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.423469","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"24 February 2021","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"13 May 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}