{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1791483276266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Cancers","award":["UH3CA239682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3CA239682"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH2EB022623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH2EB022623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE030682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE030682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In medical imaging, deep learning-based solutions have achieved state-of-the-art performance. However, reliability restricts the integration of deep learning into practical medical workflows since conventional deep learning frameworks cannot quantitatively assess model uncertainty. In this work, we propose to address this shortcoming by utilizing a Bayesian deep network capable of estimating uncertainty to assess oral cancer image classification reliability. We evaluate the model using a large intraoral cheek mucosa image dataset captured using our customized device from high-risk population to show that meaningful uncertainty information can be produced. In addition, our experiments show improved accuracy by uncertainty-informed referral. The accuracy of retained data reaches roughly 90% when referring either 10% of all cases or referring cases whose uncertainty value is greater than 0.3. The performance can be further improved by referring more patients. The experiments show the model is capable of identifying difficult cases needing further inspection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.432365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T08:30:07Z","timestamp":1631262607000},"page":"6422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Bayesian deep learning for reliable oral cancer image classification"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bofan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumsum","family":"Sunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaobai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerthi","family":"Gurushanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Society Institute of Dental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramila","family":"Mendonca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirza","family":"Mukhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Society Institute of Dental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjana","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocon Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubha","family":"Gurudath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Society Institute of Dental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhashini","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Society Institute of Dental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imchen","family":"Tsusennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley T.","family":"Leivon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trupti","family":"Kolur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya R.","family":"Bushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-9134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tyler","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Wilder-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alben","family":"Sigamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amritha","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre"},{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"moni Abraham","family":"Kuriakose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochin Cancer Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Birur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Society Institute of Dental Sciences"},{"name":"Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongguang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0107-6","volume":"24","author":"De Fauw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056","volume":"542","author":"Esteva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14585","volume":"318","author":"Ehteshami Bejnordi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0177-5","volume":"24","author":"Coudray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.005318","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7117","volume":"179","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy225","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0282-y","volume":"3","author":"de Haan","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.010","volume":"172","author":"Kermany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15027-z","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa066","volume":"113","author":"Wentzensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12320-8","volume":"7","author":"Aubreville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14541","volume":"521","author":"Ghahramani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R14","first-page":"853","article-title":"Transforming neural-net output levels to probability distributions","author":"Denker","year":"1990"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1992.4.3.448","volume":"4","author":"MacKay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000618","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0216-0","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.023","volume":"45","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncology"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-3284-3-2","volume":"3","author":"Zygogianni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol"},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.10.106003","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"boe-12-10-6422-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_232_18","volume":"56","author":"Birur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-12-10-6422&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:28:39Z","timestamp":1722958119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-10-6422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.432365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.432365","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"31 May 2021","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"20 September 2021","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}