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Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A non-invasive diagnostic tool to assess remodeling of the lung airways caused by disease is currently missing in the clinic. Measuring key features such as airway smooth muscle (ASM) thickness would increase the ability to improve diagnosis and enable treatment evaluation. In this research, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) has been used to image a total of 24 airways from two healthy lungs and four end-stage diseased lungs <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>, including fibrotic sarcoidosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and cystic fibrosis. In the diseased lungs, except COPD, the amount of measured airway smooth muscle was increased. In COPD, airway smooth muscle could not be distinguished from surrounding collagen. COPD lungs showed increased alveolar size. 3D pullbacks in the same lumen provided reproducible assessment of airway smooth muscle (ASM). Image features such as thickened ASM and size\/presence of alveoli were recognized in histology. The results of this study are preliminary and must be confirmed with further <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies. PS-OCT is applicable for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> assessment of peribronchial and peribronchiolar lung structures and may become a valuable tool for diagnosis in pulmonology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.435870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1631719843000},"page":"6796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography in end-stage lung diseases: an ex vivo pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4273-4518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joy","family":"Willemse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinier R.","family":"Wener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp University Hospital"},{"name":"Utrecht University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3815-5329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabio","family":"Feroldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Vaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Kwakkel-van Erp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp University Hospital"},{"name":"Utrecht University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard A.","family":"van de Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Thunnissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1253-4950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes F.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-12-11-6796-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1776OC","volume":"177","author":"Coxson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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