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Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Qualitative and quantitative assessments of calcified drusen are clinically important for determining the risk of disease progression in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This paper reports the development of an automated algorithm to segment and quantify calcified drusen on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) images. The algorithm leverages the higher scattering property of calcified drusen compared with soft drusen. Calcified drusen have a higher optical attenuation coefficient (OAC), which results in a choroidal hypotransmission defect (hypoTD) below the calcified drusen. We show that it is possible to automatically segment calcified drusen from 3D SS-OCT scans by combining the OAC within drusen and the hypoTDs under drusen. We also propose a correction method for the segmentation of the retina pigment epithelium (RPE) overlying calcified drusen by automatically correcting the RPE by an amount of the OAC peak width along each A-line, leading to more accurate segmentation and quantification of drusen in general, and the calcified drusen in particular. A total of 29 eyes with nonexudative AMD and calcified drusen imaged with SS-OCT using the 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    scanning pattern were used in this study to test the performance of the proposed automated method. We demonstrated that the method achieved good agreement with the human expert graders in identifying the area of calcified drusen (Dice similarity coefficient: 68.27\u2009\u00b1\u200911.09%, correlation coefficient of the area measurements: r\u2009=\u20090.9422, the mean bias of the area measurements\u2009=\u20090.04781 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.485999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T22:00:06Z","timestamp":1677016806000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Automated segmentation and quantification of calcified drusen in 3D swept source OCT imaging"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2581-3414","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1336-1695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengxi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-3536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gissel","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan E.","family":"Hiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalyn","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-8822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruikang K.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-14-3-1292-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"boe-14-3-1292-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100162","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. 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