{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:53:08Z","timestamp":1787021588489,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1762114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1762114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA244170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA244170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A miniature optical-sectioning fluorescence microscope with high sensitivity and resolution would enable non-invasive and real-time tissue inspection, with potential use cases including early disease detection and intraoperative guidance. Previously, we developed a miniature MEMS-based dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscope that enabled video-rate optically sectioned\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    microscopy of human tissues. However, the device\u2019s clinical utility was limited due to a small field of view, a non-adjustable working distance, and a lack of a sterilization strategy. In our latest design, we have made improvements to achieve a 2x increase in the field of view (600\u2009\u00d7\u2009300 \u00b5m) and an adjustable working distance range of 150 \u00b5m over a wide range of excitation\/emission wavelengths (488\u2013750\u2005nm), all while maintaining a high frame rate of 15 frames per second (fps). Furthermore, the device is designed to image through a disposable sterile plastic drape for convenient clinical use. We rigorously characterize the performance of the device and show example images of\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissues to demonstrate the optical performance of our new design, including fixed mouse skin and human prostate, as well as fresh mouse kidney, mouse intestine, and human head and neck surgical specimens with corresponding H&amp;E histology. These improvements will facilitate clinical testing and translation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.503478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T18:00:06Z","timestamp":1697824806000},"page":"6048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Miniature line-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope for versatile clinical use"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8722-6464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Vyawhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Baraznenok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7519-9346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah S. L.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Sanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-3086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan T. C.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.02.020","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005533","volume":"8","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"040601","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.27.4.040601","volume":"27","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2020.04.02","volume":"7","author":"Pilonis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.004649","volume":"9","author":"Vyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-14-11-6048-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.05.021","volume":"62","author":"Polglase","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest. 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