{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:37:27Z","timestamp":1792589847130,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Eye and Vision Research"},{"name":"New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["NFRFE-2019-00446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFRFE-2019-00446"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research and Training Experience"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-418579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-418579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002784","name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to perceive polarization-related entoptic phenomena arises from the dichroism of macular pigments held in Henle\u2019s fiber layer of the retina and can be inhibited by retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, which alters the structure of the macula. Structured light tools enable the direct probing of macular pigment density and retinal structure through the perception of polarization-dependent entoptic patterns. Here, we directly measure the visual angle of an entoptic pattern created through the illumination of the retina with a structured state of light and a perception task that is insensitive to corneal birefringence. The central region of the structured light stimuli was obstructed, with the size of the obstruction varying according to a psychophysical staircase. Two stimuli, one producing 11 azimuthal fringes and the other three azimuthal fringes, were presented to 24 healthy participants. The pattern with 11 azimuthal fringes produced an average visual angle threshold of 10\u00b0 \u00b1 1\u00b0 and a 95% confidence interval (C.I.) of [6\u00b0, 14\u00b0]. For the pattern with three azimuthal fringes, a threshold extent of 3.6\u00b0 \u00b1 0.3\u00b0 C.I. = [1.3\u00b0, 5.8\u00b0] was measured, a value similar to the published extent of Haidinger\u2019s brush (4\u00b0). The increase in apparent size and clarity of entoptic phenomena produced by the presented structured light stimuli offers the potential to detect the early signs of macular disease over perception tasks using uniform polarization stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.507519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T06:00:10Z","timestamp":1705039210000},"page":"1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Measuring the visual angle of polarization-related entoptic phenomena using structured light"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-6859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C.","family":"Kapahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aff2v68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-6968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. E.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"Cory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aff2v68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Kulmaganbetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Mungalsingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Pushin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aff2v68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Waterloo"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sarenac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aff2v68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research"},{"name":"State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18461440508","volume":"144","author":"Haidinger","year":"1846","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.168376","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56916-8","volume":"10","author":"Misson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.12.037","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13971","volume":"49","author":"W. Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. & Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108076","volume":"199","author":"Mottes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.0830","volume":"135","author":"Neely","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013001","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/19\/1\/013001","volume":"19","author":"Rubinsztein-Dunlop","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bliokh","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2301.05349"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.3.6.064001","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150444","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0444","volume":"375","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/35085529","volume":"412","author":"Mair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.138","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.54.1593","volume":"54","author":"Friese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1501349","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501349","volume":"2","author":"Brullot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000052","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.183602","volume":"121","author":"Sarenac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043815","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.101.043815","volume":"101","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82033-6","volume":"11","author":"Biton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920226117","volume":"117","author":"Sarenac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07089-4","volume":"12","author":"Sarenac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Gassab","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.07446"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/6\/2\/018","volume":"6","author":"Berry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209949","volume":"3","author":"Coren","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R29","first-page":"303","article-title":"Human polarization sensitivity","author":"McGregor","year":"2014"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150338","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0338","volume":"282","author":"Temple","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.08.004","volume":"115","author":"Misson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B123","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.36.00B123","volume":"36","author":"Temple","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5946","volume":"52","author":"Lujan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90094-4","volume":"24","author":"Bone","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0663","volume":"47","author":"Berendschot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.000082","volume":"4","author":"Van Blokland","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200010000-00013","volume":"79","author":"Matthes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","volume":"49","author":"Levitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-017-1529-6","volume":"105","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.001187","volume":"14","author":"Hammond","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.23.6.422.6963","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90061-8","volume":"29","author":"Pointer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7244","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.007244","volume":"46","author":"Rothmayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-15-2-1278-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-19004","volume":"57","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-15-2-1278&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:33:02Z","timestamp":1722958382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-15-2-1278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.507519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.507519","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"26 October 2023","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"11 January 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"30 January 2024","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}