{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:53:12Z","timestamp":1787021592584,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000770","name":"University of Manchester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P127221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P127221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RL-19-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RL-19-038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The therapeutic application of blue light (380 \u2013 500nm) has garnered considerable attention in recent years as it offers a non-invasive approach for the management of prevalent skin conditions including acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. These conditions are often characterised by an imbalance in the microbial communities that colonise our skin, termed the skin microbiome. In conditions including acne vulgaris, blue light is thought to address this imbalance through the selective photoexcitation of microbial species expressing wavelength-specific chromophores, differentially affecting skin commensals and thus altering the relative species composition. However, the abundance and diversity of these chromophores across the skin microbiota remains poorly understood. Similarly, devices utilised for studies are often bulky and poorly characterised which if translated to therapy could result in reduced patient compliance. Here, we present a clinically viable micro-LED illumination platform with peak emission 450 nm (17 nm FWHM) and adjustable irradiance output to a maximum 0.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01 W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , dependent upon the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles applied to an accompanying flexible light extraction substrate. Utilising spectrometry approaches, we characterised the abundance of prospective blue light chromophores across skin commensal bacteria isolated from healthy volunteers. Of the strains surveyed 62.5% exhibited absorption peaks within the blue light spectrum, evidencing expression of carotenoid pigments (18.8%, 420\u2013483 nm;\n                    <jats:italic>Micrococcus luteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Kocuria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), porphyrins (12.5%, 402\u2013413 nm;\n                    <jats:italic>Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) and potential flavins (31.2%, 420\u2013425 nm;\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Dermacoccus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.). We also present evidence of the capacity of these species to diminish irradiance output when combined with the micro-LED platform and in turn how exposure to low-dose blue light causes shifts in observed absorbance spectra peaks. Collectively these findings highlight a crucial deficit in understanding how microbial chromophores might shape response to blue light and in turn evidence of a micro-LED illumination platform with potential for clinical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.522867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T04:00:06Z","timestamp":1712721606000},"page":"3200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spectral characterization of a blue light-emitting micro-LED platform on skin-associated microbial chromophores"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4995-6076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Serrage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027m9bs27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte J.","family":"Eling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro U.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-8091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enyuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-2989","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin D.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027m9bs27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0486-4300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Laurand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-017-0192-7","volume":"6","author":"Seth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Derm. Rep."},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.106197","volume":"38","author":"Mazur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postepy. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070670","volume":"11","author":"Sadowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18616","volume":"37","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111702","volume":"202","author":"Bumah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., B"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.131029.111","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome. 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H. et al. , \u201c Integrated genomic and functional analyses of human skin-associated Staphylococcus reveals extensive inter- and intra-species diversity ,\u201d bioRxiv , bioRxiv:2023.06.22.546190 ( 2023 ).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.22.546190"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax6624","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6624","volume":"366","author":"Constantinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10234","DOI":"10.1021\/jp104127r","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02231-14","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.02.011","volume":"33","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217635","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1217635","volume":"4","author":"Willmott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.04.026","volume":"15","author":"Patra","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"boe-15-5-3200-R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Serrage","year":"2024","DOI":"10.48420\/25316077"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-15-5-3200&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:31:44Z","timestamp":1722958304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-15-5-3200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.522867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.522867","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"1 March 2024","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"4 April 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 April 2024","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}