{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:03:12Z","timestamp":1785402192122,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2407800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2407800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62350068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62350068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515012983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGGKQTD20221103174704003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGGKQTD20221103174704003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017607","name":"Shenzhen Municipal Fundamental Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220530112601003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530112601003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Research Fund","award":["D2402011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2402011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The core-peripheral temperature difference (CPTD) refers to the difference between the body's core temperature (e.g., chest or abdomen) and peripheral skin temperature (e.g., hands or feet). It serves as a key biomarker for assessing the hemodynamic status of newborns and is an important early warning indicator of potential shock and severe infection. Measurement of CPTD in clinical practice currently requires the use of an infrared spot thermometer to measure the temperature of multiple body parts of a neonate, which is not possible for continuous and fully automatic long-term monitoring. To address these limitations, we propose a thermal infrared (TIR)-based approach that enables non-contact, fully automatic, and continuous CPTD measurement for neonates. The spatial redundancy property of TIR is utilised and combined with a deep learning-based body parsing model to automatically detect different body parts of a neonate, including the chest and limbs (e.g., hand or foot), and measure the temperatures of these two parts to derive their difference as CPTD. Although accurate measurement of the absolute temperature of the neonatal skin is difficult due to the calibration of the TIR camera and environmental influence, the temperature difference between different body parts that emphasizes the spatial contrast at certain moments can be reliably estimated, and it is independent of the subject and environment. In a prospective clinical trial involving 40 preterm infants, our TIR-based CPTD measurement showed a mean absolute error less than 0.3\n                    <jats:italic\/>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2218<\/jats:sup>\n                    C. Additionally, hand temperatures were, on average, 1.11\u00b0C higher than foot temperatures.Hand temperatures also showed a more pronounced response to changes in core temperature, suggesting that they may be better indicators of fluctuations in core temperature. Finally, we investigated the relationship between TIR-based CPTD and infant circulatory disorders. We find that infants with circulatory disorders typically have higher CPTD values, which demonstrates the clinical potential of our methods in reflecting functional limitations of the circulatory system in newborns. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical showcase of using a TIR camera for continuous non-contact CPTD monitoring of preterm infants in the hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), providing important preliminary findings that may enrich the video health monitoring applications in the NICU.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.549693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T03:00:35Z","timestamp":1738638035000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thermal imaging-based core peripheral temperature difference measurement for neonatal monitoring in the NICU"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nantao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049tv2d57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The General Hospital of Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengchao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049tv2d57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7832-5444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The General Hospital of Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-16-3-965-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17667-8","volume":"365","author":"Annane","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"boe-16-3-965-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-011-0415-z","volume":"78","author":"Lodha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. 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