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Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of global blindness that                     affects millions worldwide. Certain forms of AMD cause                     neovascularisations (NVs), which form retinal-choroidal anastomoses.                     This disrupts healthy haemodynamic patterns, and early detection and                     treatment are crucial for preserving vision. Here, we employ a                     custom-built optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system to                     investigate these NVs in a very low-density lipoprotein receptor                     (VLDLR) knockout mouse model. Mice were imaged before, during, and                     after contrast agent injection, aiming to enhance our understanding of                     the NV haemodynamics. Doppler signal analysis techniques were employed                     to calculate flow velocities within individual NVs. Flow rates pre-                     and post-injection were determined based on these velocity                     measurements. Particle tracking was performed on two NVs for a                     comparative analysis with the Doppler velocity measurements. Both                     methods of measuring flow velocities showed good agreement                     post-contrast injection. The analysis of post-injection flow rates                     from the NVs revealed diverse behaviours. Some NVs exhibited stable                     flow rates over time, while others showed signs of instability, with                     flow rates changing substantially or even changing flow direction at                     different time points. Additionally, it was observed at multiple time                     points that flow from certain NVs moved from the choroid to the retina                     at the same time that other NVs displayed flow in the opposite                     direction. These observations suggest complex interactions between                     choroidal and retinal vascular networks in diseases like AMD. Further                     characterisation using contrast-enhanced Doppler OCT may improve our                     understanding of neovascular haemodynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.574030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:00:10Z","timestamp":1764594010000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blood flow analysis of retinal neovascularisations in a VLDLR mouse model using contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1852-553X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yash","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3x4p02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-1932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3x4p02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2465-4100","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Conrad","family":"Merkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3x4p02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-2-991-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-17-2-991-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2009.080298","type":"journal-article","volume":"102","author":"Ayoub","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-2-991-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600946724","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Gehrs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-2-991-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01765-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"boe-17-2-991-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.03.003","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv.                     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