{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:41:30Z","timestamp":1785400890774,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY033349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY033349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We present a novel portable\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    confocal ophthalmoscope (PICO) designed to enable non-contact imaging of the cornea and anterior segment of the eye. PICO uses a broadband light source and diffraction gratings to acquire two-dimensional confocal images without any beam scanning mechanisms. A dry objective lens with a long working distance was used to image the external eye without making physical contact with the cornea or ocular surface. Lateral resolution of 2.2-2.7\u2005\u03bcm and axial resolution of 8.1\u2005\u03bcm were achieved with PICO when imaging\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    animal corneas, and provided reliable signal levels when images were acquired at high speeds of 100-135 frames\/sec. The resulting images enable clear visualization of characteristic cellular morphological details of the cornea, including epithelial cells, corneal nerve fibers, stromal keratocytes, and endothelial cells. These preliminary results from high-speed PICO imaging of animal corneas merit further evaluation of the prototype device for\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    human corneal imaging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.578730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T11:00:08Z","timestamp":1760094008000},"page":"4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Portable\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    confocal ophthalmoscope for non-contact imaging of the cornea and anterior segment of the eye"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momoka","family":"Sugimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmella","family":"Ocaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian","family":"Sadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gnesda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayma","family":"Konecny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungjo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milind","family":"Rajadhyaksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya D.","family":"Chidambaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongkyun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m2x1q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003184","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.137430","type":"journal-article","volume":"93","author":"Zhivov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.043","type":"journal-article","volume":"121","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.402971","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Wartak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.000557","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Mazlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-16-11-4457-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62718-6","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Alhaddad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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