{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:16:09Z","timestamp":1785417369410,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2404303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2404303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Research","award":["ZS2024002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZS2024002"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou University of Technology","award":["KZX202404001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZX202404001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023C03031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C03031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal diseases, including myopic and diabetic retinopathies, require early detection through precise retinal-layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography images. Existing deep-learning models generalize poorly across devices (domain shifts, noise, and high annotation costs). We propose dual-level pseudo-label learning for segmentation (DPLSeg), an unsupervised segmentation model with a dual-level pseudo-label learning strategy and a hierarchical transformer encoder to enhance feature representation and domain adaptability. Validated on 850 optical coherence tomography images from three devices, DPLSeg achieves a mean intersection over union of 79.9%, surpassing DeepLab (75.2%) and DAFormer, reducing annotation needs by 80% and providing a scalable clinical diagnostic tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.581170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T09:00:09Z","timestamp":1766998809000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DPLSeg: unsupervised general segmentation model for retinal images across multiple OCT devices"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caiye","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huankai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuoping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1736-2937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinghui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixiao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dd7qj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000585","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"Hayreh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.08.008","type":"journal-article","volume":"66","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.03.009","type":"journal-article","volume":"108","author":"Fraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00376-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Esteva","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.12.20","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313173","type":"journal-article","volume":"103","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18152","type":"journal-article","volume":"318","author":"Ting","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217541","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Voets","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003440","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19964","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.023","type":"journal-article","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3782","type":"journal-article","volume":"135","author":"Burlina","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3118090","type":"journal-article","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R14","first-page":"694","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation reformulated as OCT language processing","volume-title":".","author":"Tran","year":"2020"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182247535","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Spaide","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302510","type":"journal-article","volume":"97","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3006377","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R20","first-page":"156","article-title":"Open Set Domain Adaptation by Backpropagation","volume-title":".","author":"Saito","year":"2018"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R24","first-page":"623","article-title":"The domain shift problem of medical image segmentation and vendor-adaptation by unet-GAN","volume-title":".","author":"Yan","year":"2019"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.09.014","type":"journal-article","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106669","type":"journal-article","volume":"126","author":"Thisanke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10138","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3434373","type":"journal-article","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2024.106749","type":"journal-article","volume":"181","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R35","first-page":"25","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01383-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"129","author":"Kamann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"boe-17-2-656-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106512","type":"journal-article","volume":"154","author":"Moradi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-2-656&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:24:03Z","timestamp":1778531043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-2-656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.581170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.581170","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"26 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}