{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:37:44Z","timestamp":1790300264680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-EY018339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-EY018339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkg3b53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) enables\n\t\t\t\t\thigh-resolution, 3-dimensional imaging of cone photoreceptors in the\n\t\t\t\t\tliving human retina. Histological studies have shown that\n\t\t\t\t\tshort-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones are structurally distinct from\n\t\t\t\t\tmedium- (M) and long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cones. However, current\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    methods for classifying cones\u2013such as\n\t\t\t\t\tretinal densitometry and optoretinography\u2013are technically\n\t\t\t\t\tdemanding because they require measuring cone function. Quantifying\n\t\t\t\t\tstructural differences with AO-OCT may provide a simpler and faster\n\t\t\t\t\talternative and offer new biomarkers for understanding how disease\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferentially affects photoreceptor subtypes. Here, we present a\n\t\t\t\t\tquantitative method that applies a support vector machine (SVM)\n\t\t\t\t\tclassifier to structural measurements of AO-OCT volumes to identify\n\t\t\t\t\tindividual S cones. We measured six structural parameters related to\n\t\t\t\t\tthe inner and outer segments of each cone. Among 13,836 cones analyzed\n\t\t\t\t\tacross six subjects, we found S cones exhibited significantly longer\n\t\t\t\t\tinner segments, shorter outer segments, and wider diameters at the\n\t\t\t\t\tinner\/outer segment junction than M and L cones. Although M and L\n\t\t\t\t\tcones are widely regarded as morphologically indistinguishable, we\n\t\t\t\t\talso found that L cones, on average, had longer outer segments than M\n\t\t\t\t\tcones. These structural differences were consistent across five of the\n\t\t\t\t\tsix subjects at a single retinal eccentricity of 3.7\u00b0 and\n\t\t\t\t\tacross eccentricities from 2\u00b0 to 12\u00b0 temporal in one\n\t\t\t\t\tsubject. Our SVM model used these features to achieve high\n\t\t\t\t\tclassification accuracy for S cones. Validation of classification\n\t\t\t\t\tperformance against optoretinography on the same eyes yielded F1\n\t\t\t\t\tscores ranging from 0.78 to 0.93 in five of the six subjects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.581923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T07:00:09Z","timestamp":1765263609000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural analysis of cone photoreceptors in AO-OCT enables S-cone identification by a support vector machine classifier"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qiuzhi","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k40bc56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alcon, Johns Creek"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-0778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcel T.","family":"Bernucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k40bc56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-4908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k40bc56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k40bc56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davin J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University"},{"name":"John Deere"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-6216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k40bc56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R1","first-page":"1732","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Greenstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol. 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Vis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci."},{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013097","type":"journal-article","volume":"298","author":"Bowmaker","year":"1980","journal-title":"J.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiol."},{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/325439a0","type":"journal-article","volume":"325","author":"Schnapf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00371-4","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Kraft","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39166","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39166","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Baudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"boe-17-1-346-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9669","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2414-05.2005","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Hofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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Vis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-1-346&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:23:06Z","timestamp":1778530986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-1-346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.581923","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.581923","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms\n\t\t\t\t\tof the Optica Open\n\t\t\t\t\tAccess Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}