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Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Here we present the design of telecentric model eyes for measuring image distortion in adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes, using pairs of achromatic or near-achromatic commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and\/or custom doublet lenses. The proposed model eyes can operate over visible or visible plus near infrared wavelength ranges, across a 15-diopter focus range, with an 8\u2005mm entrance pupil diameter. COTS lens selection was implemented as a systematic evaluation of catalog lenses after optimization of axial distances. Custom lens optimization was initially guided by wavefront aberration constraints derived from object-shift 3\n                    <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n                    order aberration theory, before traditional variation of surfaces and distances to minimize a performance metric. When a wavefront corrector compensates for field-constant aberrations, the model eyes achieve nominal wavefront RMS below \u03bb\/20 across a \u223c6.9\u00b0 circular full field of view for COTS and hybrid lens pairs, limited by vignetting from a self-imposed 27.9\u2005mm clear aperture. For custom lens pairs, the field of view is about 10.2\u00b0, limited by aberrations. A tolerance study indicates that a COTS lens pair for 450-1100\u2005nm can achieve as-built diffraction-limited wavefront error of 0.044 \u03bb @450\u2005nm at 95% production yield. Model eyes with this lens pair yielded telecentricity quantified as image size changed per diopter of 0.1%\/D when assembled with a camera and 0.01%\/D when assembled with a power meter. The model eye was tested with an optical setup that emulates a fundus camera with Badal focus correction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.582188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:00:08Z","timestamp":1769065208000},"page":"1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two-lens telecentric model eyes for image distortion measurement in adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9463-9618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuning","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-1793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gast\u00f3n A.","family":"Ayubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6506-9020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dubra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-2-1029-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002884","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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