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Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Accurate measurement of cell viability in biofilms is critical in biology and medicine. We propose two laser speckle-based methods to assess the viability of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms. Time-varying speckle images were processed using temporal correlation analysis and frequent-motion imaging, and the resulting metrics were compared against the standard MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A high Pearson correlation coefficient (&gt;0.99) was observed between both speckle-based metrics and MTT. For\n                    <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms in microplates, the proposed approach provides a rapid, low-cost, and non-destructive proxy for cell viability and is expected to be transferable to other fungal and bacterial biofilms and other cell-based systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.587206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:00:11Z","timestamp":1773820811000},"page":"3167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laser speckle imaging for biofilm viability assessment: a noninvasive alternative to the MTT assay"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1669-4900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David Ivan","family":"Loaiza-Toscuento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-990X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cruz E.","family":"Perez-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresita","family":"Spezzia-Mazzocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayde","family":"Peregrina-Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-4981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruben","family":"Ramos-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6511-0276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Padilla-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Ramirez-San-Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bpmmc63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-6-3167-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1039\/d4su00056k","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Freese","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"boe-17-6-3167-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155072","type":"journal-article","volume":"832","author":"Ojha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"boe-17-6-3167-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967904","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.967904","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Haddad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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