{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:52:35Z","timestamp":1790754755101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Technology Plan Project of Tongzhou District, Beijing","award":["WS2023051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WS2023051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, frequently accompanied by ascites formation in advanced stages. Accurate identification of ovarian cancer cells within ascitic fluid is clinically important yet technically challenging due to pronounced cellular heterogeneity. Here, we establish a quantitative holographic imaging flow cytometry framework for ovarian cancer cell discrimination under ascites-mimicking conditions using single-cell phase images acquired by microfluidic digital holographic microscopy. A six-cell-type dataset was constructed to emulate the heterogeneous tumor-associated microenvironment, introducing substantial morphological and biophysical overlap. Within this unified experimental setting, we systematically compared multidimensional feature-based machine learning models with end-to-end deep learning approaches to assess their relative performance in cancer cell detection. Deep learning models demonstrated improved robustness and sensitivity in complex backgrounds while preserving high-throughput capability. This study provides a structured evaluation of quantitative phase\u2013driven cell classification and supports the development of rapid, automated, label-free screening strategies for ascites analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.589537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:00:04Z","timestamp":1773766804000},"page":"1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Label-free detection of ovarian cancer cells in ascites-related cell models using digital holographic flow cytometry"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yijing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wk2mp56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wk2mp56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-4317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wk2mp56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","type":"journal-article","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ca-Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32552-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"393","author":"Lheureux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2023.128661","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Menopause Rev."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10692","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810692","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Almeida-Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020833","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Capellero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10100252","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Mezei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Imaging"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00975","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500975","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Carneiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96862-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220048","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20220048","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"View"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5072769","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6010545","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Gascoyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00750","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Pallaoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00167-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Rees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3175","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Zangle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.000468","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Marquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2024.09.003","type":"journal-article","volume":"196","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14034-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Nagy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24917-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Cano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.465149","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2022.107190","type":"journal-article","volume":"158","author":"Pirone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31046","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04204","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC01063F","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201900085","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900085","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200034","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20200034","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Miccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"View"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA07972K","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Gangadhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.545251","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Pirone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400390","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400390","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Pirone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026110","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0153413","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Borrelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02041-4","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092455","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135948","type":"journal-article","volume":"414","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38160-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Dudaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.399020","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A195","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.404208","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(00)00747-1","type":"journal-article","volume":"182","author":"Cuche","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.004070","type":"journal-article","volume":"39","author":"Cuche","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.004300","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Colomb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9935","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.009935","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Nicola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01018-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D176","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.00D176","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Langehanenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7437","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.007437","type":"journal-article","volume":"41","author":"Herr\u00e1ez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-4-1911-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C538","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00121.2008","type":"journal-article","volume":"295","author":"Popescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-4-1911&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:25:26Z","timestamp":1778531126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-4-1911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.589537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.589537","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}