{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:17:39Z","timestamp":1785403059010,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["494559609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["494559609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding light propagation in human dentin is critical for dental diagnostics, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and early caries detection. Dentin\u2019s heterogeneous microstructure\u2014a dense network of cylindrical tubules (\u22482\u03bcm diameter) embedded in an organic\u2013inorganic matrix\u2014induces both isotropic and anisotropic light propagation. Previous isotropic-only models cannot capture the pronounced angular dependence observed experimentally, leading to substantial errors in the estimation of optical parameters. We present a combined isotropic\u2013anisotropic Monte Carlo model for light transport in dentin, incorporating directionally dependent propagation in tubules based on Maxwell\u2019s equations for infinitely extended cylinders. Optical parameters were determined from angular-resolved goniometric measurements on three human teeth across wavelengths from 400\u2009nm to 700\u2009nm, with controlled tubule orientations. Using particle swarm optimization to fit the model to experimental data, we quantitatively characterized both propagation regimes: the intertubular matrix (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u22480.5mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u22481.8mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u20090.85) and tubule geometry (diameter 2.25\u2009\u00b5m, areal density 19\u2009000\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 60\u2009000\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Comparison with an isotropic-only model revealed that neglecting anisotropic propagation introduces absorption errors exceeding 40\u2009%, emphasizing the importance of the combined approach. This framework enables robust inverse problem solving for dental optics and can be extended to study other tissues exhibiting anisotropic light propagation, such as brain white matter, tendon, and muscle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.590212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1778612409000},"page":"3375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Light scattering in human dentin"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2491-0432","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Levin","family":"Stolz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04edeq073","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ulm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-1416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alwin","family":"Kienle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04edeq073","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ulm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emulation S.Hein"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Foschum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04edeq073","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.000411","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Zijp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000262033","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Vaarkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927613012725","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Lenzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000262052","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Arends","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402009000400003","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42805-8","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Menzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23048","type":"journal-article","volume":"81","author":"de los Angeles Moyaho-Bernal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N7","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/2\/401","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Kienle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002617","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Kienle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.01.017","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Hariri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/270729","type":"journal-article","volume":"2010","author":"Karlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s16","type":"journal-article","volume":"83","author":"Lussi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374870010010601","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Angmar-M\u00e5nsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2451-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Elgendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Invest."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.001278","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Fried","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608501017","type":"journal-article","volume":"85","author":"Kienle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"018104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.018104","type":"journal-article","volume":"97","author":"Kienle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90098-F","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Zijp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014026","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2709864","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Kienle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.08.013","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Pink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113525","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Stolz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10886","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.550649","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Stolz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02547285","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Spitzer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Calc. Tis. Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740121301","type":"journal-article","volume":"74","author":"Zijp","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1086\/144246","type":"journal-article","volume":"93","author":"Henyey","year":"1941","journal-title":"The Astrophys. J."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R28","author":"Bohren","year":"2004"},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4655(92)90178-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"69","author":"Yousif","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03434-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Invest."},{"key":"boe-17-7-3375-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.3390\/s25103217","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Hevisov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-7-3375&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:25:46Z","timestamp":1780334746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-7-3375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.590212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.590212","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}