{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:36:36Z","timestamp":1785404196299,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Imcustomeye H2020-ICT-2017; 779960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Imcustomeye H2020-ICT-2017; 779960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"Foundation for Polish Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FENG.02.01-IP.05-T005\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENG.02.01-IP.05-T005\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048zd9m77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NEI\/NIH P30 EY 001319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEI\/NIH P30 EY 001319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkg3b53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021\/43\/I\/NZ5\/03328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/I\/NZ5\/03328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union WIDERA in the Teaming for Excellence","award":["project no. 101136570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project no. 101136570"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fast, non-repeatable transient mechanical events in soft and scattering media are challenging to quantify because they demand high temporal bandwidth, high displacement sensitivity, and multi-point spatial coverage within a single realization. Current non-contact methods for assessing corneal biomechanics often rely on global metrics or single-meridian scanning, potentially missing the focal and asymmetric stiffness changes characteristic in corneal pathologies like keratoconus. In this work, we developed a simultaneous multi-spot air-puff optical coherence tomography (OCT) system as a generalizable parallel interferometric readout architecture to address the limitations of global metrics and single-meridian scanning in detecting focal corneal stiffness changes and to enable artifact-resistant measurement of rapid transients. By leveraging space-division multiplexing with depth encoding, our system tracks dynamic surface deformation at nine locations (one central, eight peripheral) simultaneously. This configuration eliminates sequential scanning artifacts and achieves an effective temporal resolution of 10 \u00b5s. We introduce the \u201cAsymmetry Vector\u201d to quantify the magnitude and direction of biomechanical imbalances. In experiments involving a keratoconus-mimicking phantom and human subjects (healthy and keratoconic), this vector correlated strongly with the specific location of corneal pathology. Furthermore, the system revealed a novel \u201cdual-indentation\u201d deformation profile resulting from a spatially widened air-puff stimulus. Beyond corneal elastography, the depth-encoded multiplexed OCT approach provides a scalable route to multi-point, high-speed characterization of transient dynamics where sequential scanning would otherwise induce spatiotemporal misregistration and waveform distortion. These findings establish the technical feasibility of simultaneous multi-spot OCT for biomechanical mapping without sequential-scanning-induced spatiotemporal misregistration and support its potential for automated clinical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.596342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:00:09Z","timestamp":1776394809000},"page":"2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-shot, depth-encoded multiplexed OCT for multi-spot tracking of induced transient corneal dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5426-5878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karol","family":"Karnowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Milkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Cetinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pachacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"M\u0105czy\u0144ska-Walkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"M\u0142yniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Curatolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Politecnico di Milano"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Li\u017cewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-4632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liverpool"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-889X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dawid","family":"Borycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-1697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica \u201cDaza de Vald\u00e9s\u201d, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas"},{"name":"The Institute of Optics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liverpool"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-1826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Grulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0599-0878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maciej","family":"Wojtkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl1586","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Leartprapun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.001172","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666192","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.666192","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01640-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<952::AID-MRM16>3.0.CO;2-S","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Pruessmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.1.r00ap3755","type":"journal-article","volume":"215","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10171","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Griswold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1067","type":"journal-article","volume":"56","author":"Montaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12224","type":"journal-article","volume":"259","author":"Eberle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900071","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1109\/2944.796348","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Schmitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2024.108473","type":"journal-article","volume":"182","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.000828","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.10.023","type":"journal-article","volume":"99","author":"Rothberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14188","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.014188","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Alonso-Caneiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003856","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.6.000413","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.427631","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Puttnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19219","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.019219","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.383034","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Jerwick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04784-0","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200271","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0271","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Eliasy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123001","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ae1bb8","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"G\u00f3mez-Correa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201800154","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800154","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"M\u0105czy\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4302\/plp.v10i3.848","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Karnowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photonics Lett. Pol."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063291","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Maczynska-Walkowiak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26681","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Maczynska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.402402","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Curatolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.002950","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Vienola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702293","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38260-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Napoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.000473","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Dorronsoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003663","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-villar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"boe-17-5-2715-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84370-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-5-2715&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:26:26Z","timestamp":1778531186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-5-2715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.596342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.596342","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}