{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:35:22Z","timestamp":1785418522555,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'universit\u00e0 e della ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020477RW5PRIN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020477RW5PRIN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (TD NIRS) data from skeletal muscle are commonly analyzed using homogeneous models for photon diffusion, introducing substantial bias when the skeletal muscle is overlain by a thick superficial adipose tissue. We used Monte Carlo simulations of photon propagation in layered media to quantify these effects and to develop correction strategies for both homogeneous and two-layer analytical models. A total of 1500 single-source-detector distance TD NIRS curves with varying optical and geometrical properties were simulated and fitted with a homogeneous or layered model for photon diffusion. By comparison with the ground-truth absorption coefficients of the lower layer, correction curves were obtained. The role of the instrument response function was investigated, highlighting its impact on homogeneous and layered analyses. A simulated vascular occlusion test showed that corrections reduced the median absolute percentage error of recovered hemodynamic parameters from \u2243 30\u201340% to below 10% (homogeneous) and to \u2243 2\u20133% (two-layer). We tested the applicability of the proposed approach\n                    <jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    via measurements on a volunteer during cuff occlusion on the leg.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.597693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T09:00:10Z","timestamp":1779440410000},"page":"3631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monte Carlo-based correction of geometric and instrumental biases in single-distance time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy on skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8055-4364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Nabacino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-9589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caterina","family":"Amendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, National Research Council"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-9397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davide","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-8936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Torricelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nffqt88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, National Research Council"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4414-4351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, National Research Council"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-7-3631-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00445.2017","type":"journal-article","volume":"124","author":"Adami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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