{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:14:37Z","timestamp":1788542077956,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61431002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61431002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["JYB2025XDXM504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYB2025XDXM504"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photon measurement density function (PMDF) determines the measurement locations and their associated sensitivity to the hemodynamic changes for an fNIRS channel. It is therefore essential for pre-experimental optode arrangement and post-experimental signal analysis and interpretation in fNIRS studies. However, accurate PMDF estimation requires subject-specific MRI data, which are unavailable in common fNIRS studies. Previous studies often rely on PMDFs derived from a single head template (template-PMDF), ignoring inter-subject variability in anatomy and optode placement, and are limited to sparse predefined scalp locations. Here, we propose a methodological framework to construct prior PMDFs (prior-PMDF) by synthesizing PMDFs derived from multiple subjects in a structural MRI database. This approach incorporates inter-subject variability and enables estimation of PMDFs in the standard brain space for arbitrary scalp locations. We demonstrate the utility of the prior-PMDF in estimating regional sensitivities, including voxel-wise sensitivity, sensitivity to intra- and extracerebral tissues, and sensitivity to atlas-defined brain regions. The estimation accuracy of the prior-PMDF is evaluated by comparing it with subject-specific PMDFs derived from MRI data that are not included in the construction database. Furthermore, comparison with template-PMDF showed that the proposed method significantly improves accuracy, thereby supporting more reliable PMDF estimation in MRI-free fNIRS studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.604796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T07:00:08Z","timestamp":1786345208000},"page":"5034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prior photon measurement density functions constructed in standard channel space for functional near-infrared spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9016-3417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029819q61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Research"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Machine Interface"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Jiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029819q61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Research"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Machine Interface"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fa-Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029819q61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Research"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Machine Interface"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Zhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-10-5034-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118147","type":"journal-article","volume":"237","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"boe-17-10-5034-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","type":"journal-article","volume":"1464","author":"Pinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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