{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1792788578790,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke Eye Center Internal Funds","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jecxg34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U01EY037666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EY037666"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Barnhill Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) has emerged as a promising modality for real-time three-dimensional image guidance in retinal surgery, enabling visualization of different retinal layers and tool-tissue interactions with micrometer-scale precision. Indirect viewing systems, which employ additional optical elements to increase the surgical field of view (FOV) of the retina, are widely adopted in vitreoretinal procedures. However, the optical design of these indirect viewing systems introduces nonlinear optical distortions that compromise the spatial accuracy required for absolute positioning, such as might be required for robotic end effectors operating in the surgical FOV. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient method to achieve accurate distortion correction between the distorted optical coherence tomography (OCT) image space and the physical surgical workspace through a combination of optical ray tracing and parametric spline fitting. Our approach leverages physics-based ray tracing to characterize the complex optical transformations introduced by the indirect viewing system, then employs numerical spline interpolation to create a fast mapping function suitable for robotic control applications. The spline-based transformation achieves approximately 14\u2009\u00d7 faster computation than direct commercial software based optical ray tracing. Additionally, we developed a simplified porcine eye model encompassing the cornea through the crystalline lens for use in ray tracing simulations. Validation on\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    porcine eyes demonstrated that the proposed method reduced distortion errors along simulated surgical tool insertion paths. Across 30 OCT volumes from three eyes, the reconstructed length of a 7\n                    <jats:italic>mm<\/jats:italic>\n                    straight tool path deviated from the open-path ground truth by 498\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    before correction and by 19\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    after correction. Over the same volumes, the correction reduced the residual registration error against the ground truth from 150\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    to 90\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the straightness deviation of the reconstructed path from 226\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    to 137\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    , compared with 109\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bcm<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the ground truth itself.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.606448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:00:09Z","timestamp":1788847209000},"page":"5193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D fast ray-traced distortion correction of indirectly viewed intraoperative retinal OCT for surgical tool path reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-7155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Torkashvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"Funkenbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srisatya","family":"Pusuluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Kapeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Vienna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony N.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lejla","family":"Vajzovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-10-5193-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.547943","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. 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