{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:22:48Z","timestamp":1788276168228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHealth","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EB033306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB033306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHealth","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P41EB015903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41EB015903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFoundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHealth and Life Sciences Collaborative","award":["Graduate Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Fellowship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Optical coherence elastography has demonstrated promising results in\n\t\t\t\t\thighly specialized, research-grade OCT systems and in systems with\n\t\t\t\t\tcustom, slow scan patterns. However, these approaches are\n\t\t\t\t\tfundamentally incompatible with commercial, FDA-approved OCT systems\n\t\t\t\t\talready deployed in clinics worldwide. Asynchronous optical coherence\n\t\t\t\t\telastography addresses this limitation by using raster\n\t\t\t\t\tscanning\u2013induced amplitude modulation to spatially encode\n\t\t\t\t\tharmonic shear wave displacement fields. This principle enables\n\t\t\t\t\trecovery of the coherent shear wave field within seconds using\n\t\t\t\t\tconventional frame-rate systems, despite severe temporal undersampling\n\t\t\t\t\tacross B-scans. In this work, we extend this approach to show that\n\t\t\t\t\tasynchronous imaging can recover multiple simultaneous excitation\n\t\t\t\t\tfrequencies, effectively multiplexing the determination of shear wave\n\t\t\t\t\tdispersion curves. We further introduce a new recovery framework,\n\t\t\t\t\ttermed\n                    <jats:italic>direct demodulation<\/jats:italic>\n                    , based on the\n\t\t\t\t\ttwo-dimensional spatial Fourier transform of raster-scanned\n\t\t\t\t\tdisplacement data. We demonstrate experimentally that this framework\n\t\t\t\t\tenables efficient and intuitive isolation of up to 12 excitation\n\t\t\t\t\tfrequencies within a single acquisition. We also identify practical\n\t\t\t\t\tlimits on frequency multiplexing and provide guidelines and code for\n\t\t\t\t\tselecting imaging and excitation parameters that minimize spectral\n\t\t\t\t\tinterference. The framework is validated through agreement between\n\t\t\t\t\tsequential and multiplexed measurements of shear wave number. Finally,\n\t\t\t\t\twe demonstrate the importance of multi-frequency elastography for\n\t\t\t\t\trobust mechanical characterization of complex tissues, showing\n\t\t\t\t\tsensitivity to boundary effects, viscoelastic dispersion, and improved\n\t\t\t\t\tmechanical contrast through incoherent frequency averaging in\n\t\t\t\t\theterogeneous samples. This work enables multi-frequency, shear\n\t\t\t\t\twave\u2013based OCE in conventional frame-rate, raster-scanning OCT\n\t\t\t\t\tsystems, further paving a path toward widespread adoption of\n\t\t\t\t\telastography in existing imaging platforms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.607897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:00:08Z","timestamp":1787212808000},"page":"4947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-frequency asynchronous optical coherence elastography by direct demodulation"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-3266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ginger","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett E.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-2196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Uribe-Patarroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"boe-17-9-4947-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","type":"journal-article","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"boe-17-9-4947-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00162-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Bouma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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Soc."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-9-4947","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=boe-17-9-4947&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:58:43Z","timestamp":1788274723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-17-9-4947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.607897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-7085","2156-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"2156-7085","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.607897","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms\n\t\t\t\t\tof the Optica Open\n\t\t\t\t\tAccess Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}