{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:59:28Z","timestamp":1783486768981,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DN 13\/11 from Dec 19 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN 13\/11 from Dec 19 2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is evidence in the literature that hypofunction of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) affects color vision in rodents by influencing the production of the visual pigment opsin. The effect of hypothyroidism on color vision in humans has not been examined in any great detail. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated color discrimination using the Farnsworth\u2013Munsell 100 hue test (FM-100 test) in 25 individuals with pre-treatment hypothyroidism (mean age <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>38<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>9<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mo>.<\/mml:mo>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mtext>yr<\/mml:mtext>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula>), and a control euthyroid group, <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>26<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula> (mean age <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>39.6<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>8<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mo>.<\/mml:mo>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n\t<mml:mspace width=\"thickmathspace\"\/>\n\t<mml:mtext>yr<\/mml:mtext>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula>). There was no statistically significant difference in the total error score (<jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">\u221a<\/mml:mo>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mtext>TES<\/mml:mtext>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula>) between the groups, but the hypothyroid group had a significantly greater partial error score (<jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">\u221a<\/mml:mo>\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mtext>PES<\/mml:mtext>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula>) along the blue-yellow (B-Y) axis compared to the red-green (R-G) axis. No statistically significant differences in B-Y and R-G PES were observed in the control group. This study shows that hypothyroidism affects color vision in humans, causing significant impairment in the B-Y color subsystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.382390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T20:00:05Z","timestamp":1578686405000},"page":"A18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Color discrimination assessment in patients with hypothyroidism using the Farnsworth\u2013Munsell 100 hue test"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kalina","family":"Racheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsvetalin","family":"Totev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Natchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadejda","family":"Bocheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Beirne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Zlatkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032089","volume":"89","author":"Flynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R2","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"Gagnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Can."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2478\/s11536-013-0235-9","volume":"8","author":"Shinkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Med."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R4","first-page":"459","volume":"144","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cas. Lek. Cesk."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.4.526","volume":"160","author":"Canaris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(05)71004-9","volume":"71","author":"Bernal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-5-2765","volume":"126","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R8","first-page":"110","volume":"19","author":"de Escobar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Med. Austriaca"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-005-3053-9","volume":"6","author":"Santisteban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00155030","volume":"73","author":"Holdew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.196470","volume":"7","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural. Pract."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R12","first-page":"85","article-title":"Thyroid hormone effects on sensory perception, mental speed, neuronal excitability and ion channel regulation","volume-title":"Thyroid Hormone","volume":"4","author":"DietzelAgrawal","year":"2012"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R13","first-page":"29","volume":"3","author":"Vedavathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R14","first-page":"665","volume":"29","author":"Navegantes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21155","volume":"236","author":"Applebury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0908","volume":"49","author":"Pess\u00f4a","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3592","volume":"51","author":"Glaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6181-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"Glaschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.05.003","volume":"28","author":"Mustafi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.016","volume":"16","author":"Bowmaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R21","first-page":"333","article-title":"Thyroid hormone signaling in retinal development, survival, and disease","volume-title":"Vitamins and Hormones","volume":"106","author":"YangLitwack","year":"2018"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R22","first-page":"1062","volume":"221","author":"Umali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05057.x","volume":"87","author":"Dain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000371549","volume":"4","author":"Cakir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R25","first-page":"45","volume":"2","author":"Racheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R26","volume-title":"The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test for the Examination of Color Discrimination","author":"Farnsworth","year":"1957"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R27","first-page":"31","volume":"3","author":"Totev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75002-0","volume":"100","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R29","first-page":"707","volume":"28","author":"Knoblauch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.001441","volume":"26","author":"Knoblauch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(70)90123-9","volume":"10","author":"Kinnear","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1408","volume":"86","author":"Kinnear","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)77380-5","volume":"93","author":"Verriest","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.53.000185","volume":"53","author":"Verriest","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1057-6","volume":"19","author":"Ao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090050085035","volume":"111","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R37","first-page":"1828","volume":"43","author":"Horn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R38","first-page":"1732","volume":"30","author":"Greenstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00129-6","volume":"37","author":"Djamgoz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","volume":"108","author":"Witkovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23932","volume":"524","author":"Farshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.09.004","volume":"32","author":"Brandiesa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.06.006","volume":"175","author":"Caravaggioa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90259-8","volume":"310","author":"Delitala","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-3-585","volume":"51","author":"Feek","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-6-1251","volume":"51","author":"Scanlon","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90491-0","volume":"24","author":"Crocker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322010000500013","volume":"65","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-2-4","volume":"2","author":"Tannock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-38","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.10.002","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00180-3","volume":"55","author":"Shuwairi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.09.002","volume":"204","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.2.68","volume":"77","author":"Menage","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_418_16","volume":"9","author":"Payghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16094","volume":"56","author":"Cranwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"josaa-37-4-A18-R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1413","volume":"158","author":"Dugbartey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Optical Society of America A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=josaa-37-4-A18&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T19:24:58Z","timestamp":1722972298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-37-4-A18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/josaa.382390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-7529","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8532","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.382390","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"4 November 2019","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"10 January 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"12 February 2020","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Optical Society of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}