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Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Theoretical and experimental explorations have demonstrated that both anisotropy and unstable stratification exist in general ocean turbulence. Recent analyses of temporal broadening of ultrashort optical pulses in oceanic turbulence have adopted the assumptions that the propagation path in the <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mi>z<\/mml:mi>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula> direction was isotropic, or turbulent cells are simply premised on circular symmetry in the <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mtext class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\" mathvariant=\"italic\">xy<\/mml:mtext>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula> plane. In this paper, circular symmetry of turbulent cells in the <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mtext class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\" mathvariant=\"italic\">xy<\/mml:mtext>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula> plane is no longer maintained, and two anisotropic factors describing the anisotropic scales in the <jats:inline-formula>\n      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n\t<mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n\t  <mml:mtext class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\" mathvariant=\"italic\">xy<\/mml:mtext>\n\t<\/mml:mrow>\n      <\/mml:math>\n    <\/jats:inline-formula> plane are introduced to study the temporal broadening of ultrashort optical pulses. Moreover, unstable stratification of oceanic turbulence indicates the eddy diffusivities of temperature and salt are no longer equal. By Rytov approximation and the temporal-moments method, a new model is proposed for the temporal broadening of ultrashort optical pulse propagation in general ocean turbulence. We focus on the effects of asymmetric turbulent cells, unstable stratification, and other characteristics in general ocean turbulence on the temporal broadening. This work provides a theoretical basis for improving the transmission quality of ultrashort optical pulses and the performance of underwater optical communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.449348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T16:00:13Z","timestamp":1646409613000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolution of temporal broadening of ultrashort optical pulse propagation in general ocean turbulence"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"ShuaiLing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DongHui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Da","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YiXin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-0576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-39-4-674-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-7174\/9\/3\/303","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Waves Random Media"},{"key":"josaa-39-4-674-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.01.013","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. 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