{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:38:21Z","timestamp":1787240301299,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We explored whether chromatic discrimination is affected in women using hormonal contraceptives (HCs). Leaning upon earlier studies of oral contraceptives (OCs), we reasoned that estrogen and\/or progestin, HC components, would reveal mild tritan-like defects in HC users. A sample of 68 women (18\u201345 years) was stratified by the HC type and use history: (a) non-users with past HC use (PC=21), (b) never used (NC=16), (c) oral contraceptives (OCs=23), and (d) long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs=8). Employed was the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT), along with screening using the D-15 and D-15d tests. Significant inter-group differences were identified by the CCT Trivector measures and D-15d indices. Specifically, the majority of LARC users revealed higher tritan and\/or protan and deutan thresholds. The D-15d indices were comparable for users of modern OCs and NC but were higher in the LARC and PC groups. Conceivably, the long-acting progestin in LARC users down-regulates the expression of retinal estrogen receptors implicated in color discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.545261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1737475218000},"page":"B235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing chromatic discrimination in women on hormonal contraceptives"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-253X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Galina V.","family":"Paramei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ctjbj91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ctjbj91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3237-8193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Senna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ctjbj91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-42-5-B235-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.101037","volume":"67","author":"Beltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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