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Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While in traditional methods object detection is based on the handcrafted definition of relevant visual features and rules, in machine\/deep learning methods this task is achieved by learning both features and rules from a training set. The traditional and machine\/deep learning object detection workflows are often described as opposite because in the traditional framework, the visual features and rules to detect the object of interest are provided as input, while in the machine\/deep learning-based framework they are automatically learned from the data depending on the task considered and constitute the final trained model. In this work, we analyze the object detection recipe, and we show that these two approaches actually present three common issues that require human supervision and ad hoc procedures to be addressed: the design of an object model suitable for the context, devices, and task at hand; the achievement of detection robustness against several factors like noise, image quality, changes in geometry, and light variations; and the definition of an appropriate matching function. We also briefly review some common metrics for evaluating object detection performance, proving that human intervention is crucial in this task as well. Our analysis aims at fostering a more aware use of the object detection approaches and stimulating new research for automating\u2014where possible\u2014the tasks that humans are still in charge of.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.569685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:00:15Z","timestamp":1762268415000},"page":"1977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Common issues and human intervention in object detection from handcrafted features to deep learning: discussion"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-0212","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michela","family":"Lecca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01j33xk10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-1545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milano - Bicocca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-42-12-1977-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2013.04.005","type":"journal-article","volume":"117","author":"Andreopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. 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