{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:14:51Z","timestamp":1790349291086,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We introduce two families of vergence functions to express ocular wavefront\n\t\t\t\taberrations in diopters, bridging aberrometry, and clinical refraction.\n\t\t\t\tFirst, we build a fully orthogonal vergence basis\n\t\t\t\t(\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    ~),\n\t\t\t\tanalogous to Zernike polynomials, which preserves mode orthogonality and\n\t\t\t\tsupports unbiased coefficient statistics. In our VL\u2013VH basis\n\t\t\t\t(\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n\t\t\t\ta clear separation between low-degree and high-degree prevents the\n\t\t\t\tintrusion of low-degree terms into high-degree modes, which could\n\t\t\t\totherwise hinder direct clinical interpretation. The vergence function\n\t\t\t\texpansions in both bases are derived from wavefront slopes through radial\n\t\t\t\tdifferentiation. We demonstrate their clinical utility through three\n\t\t\t\tcases: a normal eye, a keratoconic eye, and a post-myopic LASIK eye. The\n\t\t\t\tVL\u2013VH basis provides stable refraction estimates across pupil sizes by\n\t\t\t\tfitting low-degree terms over central regions, closely matching subjective\n\t\t\t\trefraction. In contrast, the orthogonal\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    ~\n\t\t\t\tbasis shows pupil-dependent refraction due to peripheral wavefront\n\t\t\t\tinfluence. In eyes with significant spherical aberration, the bases yield\n\t\t\t\tmarkedly different refractive predictions, with VL\u2013VH better aligning with\n\t\t\t\tclinical measurements. Pyramid plots, dioptric maps, and coefficient\n\t\t\t\thistograms facilitate aberration visualization and diagnosis. These\n\t\t\t\tvergence-based tools enhance the integration of advanced aberrometry into\n\t\t\t\tclinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.576308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:00:08Z","timestamp":1760025608000},"page":"1846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vergence-based ocular wavefront expansions in diopters: orthogonal functions, clinical metrics, and visualization tools"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Damien","family":"Gatinel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothschild Foundation Hospital"},{"name":"Abulcasis International University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Malet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothschild Foundation Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-42-12-1846-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2009.00358.x","type":"journal-article","volume":"92","author":"Nam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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