{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:23Z","timestamp":1785403643660,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GA22-17529S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA22-17529S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pv73b02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Black materials play a critical role in applications such as image\n\t\t\t\tregistration, camera calibration, stray light suppression, and visual\n\t\t\t\tdesign. Although many such materials appear similarly dark under diffuse\n\t\t\t\tillumination, their reflectance behavior can differ substantially as a\n\t\t\t\tfunction of viewing and lighting geometry. Ultra-black materials achieve\n\t\t\t\texceptional light attenuation but are often constrained by cost and\n\t\t\t\tmechanical fragility, motivating the evaluation of more robust and\n\t\t\t\taccessible alternatives. In this study, we employ a gonimetric measurement\n\t\t\t\tsystem to capture the isotropic bidirectional reflectance distribution\n\t\t\t\tfunction (BRDF) of a range of black materials, including the ultra-black\n\t\t\t\treference Vantablack, commercially available alternatives such as Musou\n\t\t\t\tblack and black velvet, and standard matte black coatings. We analyze\n\t\t\t\ttheir reflectance characteristics in terms of diffuse and specular\n\t\t\t\tscattering, as well as total integrated scatter, to quantify\n\t\t\t\tangular-dependent reflection. In addition, we compare their perceptual\n\t\t\t\tappearance using physically based rendering driven by the measured BRDFs\n\t\t\t\tand a psychophysical evaluation of perceived darkness. Together, these\n\t\t\t\tanalyses provide a comprehensive assessment of black materials that links\n\t\t\t\treflectance properties to visual appearance and perceptual performance,\n\t\t\t\tenabling informed material selection for optical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.589935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1779303610000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How dark is dark? A reflectance and scattering analysis of black materials"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-2731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji\u0159i","family":"Filip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03h1hsz49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radom\u00edr","family":"V\u00e1vra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03h1hsz49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-43-7-1037-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.005471","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Newell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. 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Vavra R. , \u201c How dark is dark? A reflectance and scattering analysis of black materials ,\u201d Open Science Framework ( 2026 ), https:\/\/osf.io\/8k7ag .","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.589935"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Optical Society of America A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=josaa-43-7-1037&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T19:57:45Z","timestamp":1781121465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-43-7-1037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/josaa.589935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-7529","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8532","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.589935","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for\n\t\t\t\ttext and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and\n\t\t\t\tsimilar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}