{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:26:15Z","timestamp":1785554775140,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EMR\/20l7\/002724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/20l7\/002724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ffdsr55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EM\/Dev\/21\/02158\/2025\/E-office-248735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EM\/Dev\/21\/02158\/2025\/E-office-248735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0492wrx28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001502","name":"Department of Atomic Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2013\/34\/11\/BRNS\/504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/34\/11\/BRNS\/504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02m388s04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["PURSE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PURSE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0101xrq71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["FIST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIST"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0101xrq71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital holographic microscopy enables high-contrast, label-free quantitative phase imaging of transparent cells using visible light. This imaging modality can provide many biophysical and biomechanical cell features based on the numerically processed digital holograms. Sickle cell disease is a condition that affects red blood cells and is a significant health concern worldwide. Its clinical diagnosis, conventionally, is made using high-performance liquid chromatography, which is costly and time-consuming and requires experts to interpret the results. This paper presents a cost-effective method for screening sickle cell positive samples using a compact, self-referencing lateral shearing digital holographic microscope. Holographic videos of healthy and sickle cell positive samples are recorded using a digital holographic microscope and are numerically reconstructed. Both spatial and temporal features of the cells are extracted from the recorded holographic videos. The distribution of these features indicates the difference between healthy and sickle-cell-positive red blood cells. These features are used with classical machine learning classifiers to evaluate classification accuracy. The results are compared to determine the best machine learning model for label-free sickle cell identification. Results show that simple linear classifiers are sufficient due to the physical separability of the extracted features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.590615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:00:06Z","timestamp":1773327606000},"page":"D1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Label-free lateral shearing digital holographic imaging of red blood cells for sickle cell disease identification"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-3977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chetna","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda"},{"name":"V. P. & R. P. T. P. Science College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mugdha","family":"Joglekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7792-7990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vismay","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-9707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gyanendra","family":"Sheoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Delhi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-2873","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bahram","family":"Javidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3210-8676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arun","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05kfstc28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00118-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Thomson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.159492","type":"journal-article","volume":"141","author":"Colah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-190363","type":"journal-article","volume":"142","author":"Kayle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001484","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Piel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2473-3","article-title":"Sickle cell disease in clinical practice","volume-title":"Clinical Practice","author":"Howard","year":"2015"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.160","type":"journal-article","volume":"2015","author":"Naik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61029-X","type":"journal-article","volume":"376","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2016.1254038","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Alapan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Dev."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0282-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"De Haan","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_284_16","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2017.08.010","type":"journal-article","volume":"67","author":"McGann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12050519","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Arishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/4.10.27","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Diggs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.23.e119","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Waterfall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"040503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2221867","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Popescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806100105","type":"journal-article","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20605","type":"journal-article","volume":"73A","author":"Rappaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.003259","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Mir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030506","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3556717","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Shaked","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2012.2210199","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6900207","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2013.2278522","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Moon","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22570","type":"journal-article","volume":"85","author":"Memmolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.002385","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23617","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.023617","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2636238","type":"journal-article","volume":"105","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D127","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.00D127","type":"journal-article","volume":"56","author":"Rawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13614","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.013614","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Javidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"071101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5027081","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"APL Photonics"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.399020","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/ab8a58","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092455","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030552","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Bernecker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.37188\/lam.2022.037","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Utadiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light: Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44693-5","volume-title":"Digital Holography and Wavefront Sensing: Principles, Techniques and Applications","author":"Schnars","year":"2015"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R38","series-title":"","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15813-1","volume-title":"Coherent Light Microscopy: Imaging and Quantitative Phase Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Ferraro","year":"2011"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.022","type":"journal-article","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R40","series-title":"","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","volume-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R41","volume-title":", Advances in Pattern Recognition","author":"Abe","year":"2010"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.16.002753","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Riley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R43","volume-title":"Introduction to Fourier Optics","author":"Goodman","year":"2017"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i004p00713","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7410","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.007410","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Hammer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2010.571","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"Diez-Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-424184","type":"journal-article","volume":"120","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414739111","type":"journal-article","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170A","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13270","type":"journal-article","volume":"120","author":"Namvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43200-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Renoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.001757","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Girshovitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86582-8","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R53","series-title":"","volume-title":"Feature Engineering and Selection: A Practical Approach for Predictive Models","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021"},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00454","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Nader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"josaa-43-8-D1-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248527","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248527","type":"journal-article","volume":"2011","author":"Hannemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anemia"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Optical Society of America A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=josaa-43-8-D1&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:55:44Z","timestamp":1778684144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-43-8-D1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/josaa.590615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-7529","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8532","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.590615","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}