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Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging enables the reconstruction of hidden scenes by analyzing indirectly reflected light, with broad applications in autonomous driving, security monitoring, and rescue operations. However, high-fidelity reconstruction is often hindered by the coupling of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector noises (e.g., dark count rate and time jitter) and the intrinsic ill-posedness of the underlying inversion problem. We propose a physics-informed cascade learning (PICL) method, a framework that integrates model-driven denoising with self-supervised, physics-informed reconstructions. PICL employs a cascaded architecture comprising two specialized networks: a lightweight, SPAD-specific noise separation network (Net1) to decouple signal from mixed interference, followed by a reconstruction network (Net2) that embeds a differentiable forward physical model. This architecture eliminates the need for NLOS large-scale paired datasets while preserving physical consistency. Validated on both synthetic and experimental datasets, PICL demonstrates superior robustness under low-SNR conditions, achieving performance improvement over the state-of-the-art methods. By bridging hardware constraints with algorithmic adaptability, this work provides a scalable and robust paradigm for high-resolution NLOS imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.593401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:00:06Z","timestamp":1781614806000},"page":"E9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-line-of-sight imaging via physics-informed cascade learning"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3167-4791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-43-9-E9-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.189","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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