{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:40:44Z","timestamp":1790840444580,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction depends primarily on the local vertical temperature gradient. Within the lowest \u223c100m of the atmosphere, this gradient is nonlinear, typically following a log-linear profile over some height. I introduce a method for converting astronomical refractions between different temperature gradient profiles by scaling them using the ratio of corresponding refraction estimators. I demonstrate how to derive estimators to calculate both astronomical and terrestrial refractions as a function of altitude and the log-linear temperature gradients. These findings improve prediction accuracy in highly dynamic boundary layers, and also when analyzing atmospheric extinction or signal delay near the horizon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.596416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:00:10Z","timestamp":1776438010000},"page":"1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Refraction near the horizon\u2014an empirical approach, Part 3: variability reduction of astronomical and terrestrial refractions at low\u00a0positive and negative altitudes"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2390-2582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Tschudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iskele Mah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"josaa-43-10-1678-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.003104","type":"journal-article","volume":"55","author":"Tschudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}