{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:13:03Z","timestamp":1790518383175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006507","name":"Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2018Molecular fingerprinting\u2019 with Raman spectroscopy can address important problems\u2013from ensuring our food safety, detecting dangerous substances, to supporting disease diagnosis and management. However, the broad adoption of Raman spectroscopy demands low-cost, portable instruments that are sensitive and use lasers that are safe for human eye and skin. This is currently not possible with existing Raman spectroscopy approaches. Portability has been achieved with dispersive Raman spectrometers, however, fundamental entropic limits to light collection both limits sensitivity and demands high-power lasers and cooled expensive detectors. Here, we demonstrate a swept-source Raman spectrometer that improves light collection efficiency by up to 1000\u00d7 compared to portable dispersive spectrometers. We demonstrate high detection sensitivity with only 1.5 mW average excitation power and an uncooled amplified silicon photodiode. The low optical power requirement allowed us to utilize miniature chip-scale MEMS-tunable lasers with close to eye-safe optical powers for excitation. We characterize the dynamic range and spectral characteristics of this Raman spectrometer in detail, and use it for fingerprinting of different molecular species consumed everyday including analgesic tablets, nutrients in vegetables, and contaminated alcohol. By moving the complexity of Raman spectroscopy from bulky spectrometers to chip-scale light sources, and by replacing expensive cooled detectors with low-cost uncooled alternatives, this swept-source Raman spectroscopy technique could make molecular fingerprinting more accessible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.427105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T06:30:13Z","timestamp":1624948213000},"page":"24723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Low-power swept-source Raman spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Amir H.","family":"Atabaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William F.","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praevium Research, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaysekhar","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praevium Research, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev J.","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-29-16-24723-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4864","volume":"47","author":"de Oliveira Penido","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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