{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:56:33Z","timestamp":1791320193187,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE08-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE08-0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018696","name":"R\u00e9gion Normandie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Chaire d'excellence \"RELANCE\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chaire d'excellence \"RELANCE\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mid-infrared Er:CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    laser operating on the\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>11\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>13\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    transition is developed. Its power scaling capabilities and thermo-optics (fractional heat loading and thermal lensing) are compared under pumping into the\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>11\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>9\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    states. Using a 4.5 at.% Er:CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    crystal, a record-high continuous-wave output power of 0.83 W is achieved at 2800\u2005nm with a slope efficiency of 31.6% and a laser threshold of 24\u2005mW and the fractional heat loading is measured under lasing and non-lasing conditions, yielding the values of 52.0% and 71.7%, respectively (for pumping at 967.6 nm, into the\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>11\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    state). The thermal lens in Er:CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is negative (divergent) owing to the negative thermo-optic coefficient and large and negative contribution of the photo-elastic effect. The sensitivity factors of the thermal lens are\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22124.84 and\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\u03b8<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22125.15 [m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/(kW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    )] and the astigmatism degree is as low as 6%. When pumping into the higher lying\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    I\n                    <jats:sub>9\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    manifold, the thermal lens is enhanced owing to the additional heat generation from the multiphonon non-radiative path from this state, and the laser slope efficiency is deteriorated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.449129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:00:10Z","timestamp":1643256010000},"page":"8092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Thermal lensing, heat loading and power scaling of mid-infrared Er:CaF\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    lasers"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Liza","family":"Basyrova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Loiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Doualan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmjid","family":"Benayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimie ParisTech, PSL University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Camy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-30-5-8092-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/104454703321895581","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin. 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