{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:33:02Z","timestamp":1785414782134,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LR19F050002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR19F050002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11974310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31927801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31927801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62035011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62035011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62075189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62075189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFA0700501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0700501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of the lens deformation during the reliability test is critical for lens design and fabrication. Refractive surface distorts the optical path of probing light, and poses a great challenge to measuring the test-induced nanoscale changes of all refractive lens surfaces simultaneously. In this work, we present an optical coherence digital-null deformography (ODD). A digital null, i.e., the interference signals (including intensity and phase) of the backscattered probing light from each lens surface, was recorded prior to the test with a phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT). Then the post-test lens was physically aligned to the digital null by actuating a hexapod iteratively with a digital null alignment (DNA) method, so that the refractive distortion was matched. Finally, the changes between the aligned lens and its digital null were measured with an intensity centroid shift (ICS) at micron scale and a joint wavenumber (k)-depth (z) domain phase shift (kz-PhS) at nanoscale. We demonstrate that the proposed kz-PhS has a sensitivity of 4.15\u2005nm and a range of 5 \u00b5m without phase wrapping; and the sensitivities of DNA are z translation 0.04 \u00b5m, x\/y translation 0.24 \u00b5m, tilt 0.0003\u00b0, and rotation 0.03\u00b0. A lens drop test was performed with ODD. Circumventing refractive distortion by the null measurement, ODD can visualize the test-induced changes of all refractive surfaces non-destructively and simultaneously, and it will greatly facilitate lens design and fabrication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.472763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T13:00:12Z","timestamp":1666702812000},"page":"42069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-dimensional optical coherence digital-null deformography of multi-refractive-surface optics with nanometer sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5294-0382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhaoyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayou","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9652-2369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging"},{"name":"Zhejiang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0187-1","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.378470","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18360-5","volume":"11","author":"Valliappan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.390409","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3024713","volume":"39","author":"Markvart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3807\/JOSK.2009.13.2.206","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3807\/JOSK.2013.17.5.447","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.004597","volume":"51","author":"Greisukh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003843","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000326","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/15599612.2014.942925","volume":"8","author":"Baer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Optomechatronics"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-009-0774-9","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2016.2540720","volume":"12","author":"Vijayasankar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Display Technol."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-005-0558-9","volume":"11","author":"Fukatsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.49.57","volume":"49","author":"Binnig","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.56.930","volume":"56","author":"Binnig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.13.002762","volume":"13","author":"Wyant","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6955(94)P2365-M","volume":"35","author":"Deck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manuf."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.13.002693","volume":"13","author":"Bruning","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.394526","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.002107","volume":"39","author":"Harasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.005661","volume":"56","author":"Dube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.415974","volume":"60","author":"Delley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R25","first-page":"116","article-title":"Highly accurate measurement of lens surface distances within optical assemblies for quality testing","volume-title":"","author":"LangehanenbergJos\u00e9","year":"2013"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.003608","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R27","first-page":"324","article-title":"Novel technique for measurement of centration errors of complex completely mounted multi-element objective lenses","volume-title":"","author":"HeinischPantazis","year":"2006"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.06.005","volume":"94","author":"Awaja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2018.05.004","volume":"111","author":"Koddenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-017-0396-x","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2978313","volume":"69","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10242","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.010242","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.006039","volume":"50","author":"Lawman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8117","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.008117","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.003442","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103290J","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2270020","volume":"10329","author":"Lawman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.10.000397","volume":"10","author":"Westphal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/7\/015","volume":"49","author":"Podoleanu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.002782","volume":"18","author":"Ortiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19413","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.019413","volume":"18","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/mssp.1996.0015","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Proces."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.10.002113","volume":"10","author":"Wyant","year":"1971","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.000156","volume":"33","author":"Manuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.002591","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.11.000107","volume":"11","author":"Ghiglia","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.005483","volume":"13","author":"Vakoc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-30-23-42069-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.11.116010","volume":"18","author":"Wolfgang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-30-23-42069&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:31:02Z","timestamp":1722958262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-30-23-42069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.472763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.472763","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"8 August 2022","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"22 October 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1 November 2022","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}