{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:38:16Z","timestamp":1791279496440,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BAS\/1\/1300-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAS\/1\/1300-01-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the study of chemical reactions, it is desirable to have a diagnostic strategy that can detect multiple species simultaneously with high sensitivity, selectivity, and fast time response. Laser-based selective detection of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) has been challenging due to the similarly broad absorbance spectra of these species. Here, a mid-infrared laser sensor is presented for selective and simultaneous BTEX detection in high-temperature shock tube experiments using deep neural networks (DNN). A shock tube was coupled with a non-intrusive mid-infrared laser source, scanned over 3038.6\u20133039.8 cm\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and an off-axis cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OA-CEAS) setup of \u223c 100 gain to enable trace detection. Absorption cross-sections of BTEX species were measured at temperatures of 1000\u20131250 K and pressures near 1 atm. A DNN model with five hidden layers of 256, 128, 64, 32, and 16 nodes was implemented to split the composite measured spectra into the contributing spectra of each species. Several BTEX mixtures with varying mole fractions (0\u2013600 ppm) of each species were prepared manometrically and shock-heated to 1000\u20131250 K and 1 atm, and the composite measured absorbance were split into contributions from each BTEX species using the developed DNN model, and thus make selective determinations of BTEX species. Predicted and manometric mole fractions were in good agreement with an absolute relative error of \u223c 11%. We obtained a minimum detection limit of 0.73\u20131.38 ppm of the target species at 1180 K. To the best of our knowledge, this work reports the first successful implementation of multispecies detection with a single narrow wavelength-tuning laser in a shock tube with laser absorption spectroscopy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.473067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:08Z","timestamp":1664150408000},"page":"38550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Deep neural networks for simultaneous BTEX sensing at high temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3154-9966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mhanna","family":"Mhanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q3tbs38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q3tbs38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Elkhazraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q3tbs38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-2197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aamir","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q3tbs38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2022.100997","volume":"91","author":"Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.12.002","volume":"60","author":"Goldenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R3","volume":"56","author":"Hanson","year":"2016"},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2014.05.001","volume":"44","author":"Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R5","first-page":"ATu4I. 2","article-title":"A laser diagnostic for hcn detection in mid-infrared","author":"Elkhazraji","year":"2022"},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2020.06.382","volume":"38","author":"Shakfa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. 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Spectrosc."},{"key":"oe-30-21-38550-R39","first-page":"SF1A. 4","article-title":"Selective btex sensing with laser absorption and dnns","author":"Mhanna","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-30-21-38550&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:29:25Z","timestamp":1722958165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-30-21-38550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.473067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.473067","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"12 August 2022","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 September 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"3 October 2022","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}