{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:53:39Z","timestamp":1773158019997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","award":["I2B project \u201cPhytoDive\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I2B project \u201cPhytoDive\u201d"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HGF Research Field: Earth and Environment"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HGF Research Field: Earth and Environment"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote-sensing reflectance, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>(<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>, \u0394<jats:italic>\u03d5<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>\n      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n    <\/jats:sub>), contains the spectral color information of the water body below the sea surface and is a fundamental parameter to derive satellite ocean color products such as chlorophyll-a, diffuse light attenuation, or inherent optical properties. Water reflectance, i.e., spectral upwelling radiance, normalized by the downwelling irradiance, can be measured under- or above-water. Several models to extrapolate this ratio from underwater \u201cremote-sensing ratio\u201d, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>(<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>), to the above-water <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>, have been proposed in previous studies, in which the spectral dependency of water refractive index and off-nadir viewing directions have not been considered in detail. Based on measured inherent optical properties of natural waters and radiative transfer simulations, this study proposes a new transfer model to spectrally determine <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> from <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> for different sun-viewing geometries and environmental conditions. It is shown that, compared to previous models, ignoring spectral dependency leads to a bias of \u223c2.4% at shorter wavelengths (\u223c400\u2005nm), which is avoidable. If nadir-viewing models are used, the typical 40\u00b0-off nadir viewing geometry will introduce a difference of \u223c5% in <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> estimation. When the solar zenith angle is higher than 60\u00b0, these differences of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> have implications for the downstream retrievals of ocean color products, e.g.,\u2009&gt;\u20098% difference for phytoplankton absorption at 440\u2005nm and &gt;4% difference for backward particle scattering at 440\u2005nm by the quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA). These findings demonstrate that the proposed <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>-to-<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> model is applicable to a wide range of measurement conditions and provides more accurate estimates of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> than previous models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.482395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T16:00:09Z","timestamp":1677254409000},"page":"10512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transfer model to determine the above-water remote-sensing reflectance from the underwater remote-sensing ratio"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-5808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shun","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institude of Carbon Cycles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"R\u00f6ttgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institude of Carbon Cycles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-1562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Hieronymi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institude of Carbon Cycles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-31-6-10512-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.007442","volume":"38","author":"Mobley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. 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Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}