{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:17:57Z","timestamp":1790443077284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Free-space optical (FSO) systems are compulsory to realize high capacity and interference-free communication links from low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations as well as spacecraft and space stations to the Earth. To be integrated with high-capacity ground networks, the collected portion of the incident beam should be coupled into an optical fiber. To accurately evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit-error rate (BER) performance metrics, the probability density function (PDF) of fiber coupling efficiency (CE) must be determined. Previous studies have experimentally verified the CE PDF for a single-mode fiber, however, there is no such investigation for the CE PDF of a multi-mode fiber (MMF) in a LEO-to-ground FSO downlink. In this paper, for the first time, the CE PDF for a 200-<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m MMF is experimentally investigated using data from an FSO downlink from the Small Optical Link for International Space Station (SOLISS) terminal to a 40-cm sub-aperture optical ground station (OGS) supported by a fine-tracking system. An average CE of 5.45 dB was also achieved given that the alignment between SOLISS and OGS was not optimal. In addition, using the angle-of-arrival (AoA) and received power data, the statistical characteristics such as channel coherence time, power spectral density, spectrogram, and PDFs of AoA, beam misalignments, and atmospheric turbulence-induced fluctuations are revealed and compared with the state-of-the-art theoretical background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.484512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T15:00:21Z","timestamp":1675177221000},"page":"9081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Experimental verification of fiber coupling characteristics for FSO downlinks from the International Space Station"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8087-6739","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phuc V.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-0317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitar R.","family":"Kolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Shiratama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-7945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alberto","family":"Carrasco-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Munemasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Yamazoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Kamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyohei","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories (CSL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morio","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-31-5-9081-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. 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