{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T23:59:53Z","timestamp":1788047993064,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Assessment of the Graft 332 Rejection Using Millimeter Waves"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Terahertz spectroscopy is a promising method to diagnose ocular diseases, where the cornea is typically imaged by Gaussian beams. However, the beam\u2019s mismatch with the cornea\u2019s spherical surface produces a 5-10 % error in analysis. We investigate cornea spectroscopy with wavefront-modified vector beams, reducing the original analysis error to less than 0.5 %. Vector beams are synthesized by our developed 3D Angular Spectrum Method expanded to vector spherical harmonic presentation, allowing wavefront modification and scattering analysis from 100-layer cornea models. We show that wavefront-modified spherical vector beams possess increased accuracy and non-sensitive focusing on cornea spectroscopy compared to the Gaussian beams. Additionally, we investigate wavefront-modified cylindrical vector beams, which show frequency-dependent scattering power arising from s- and p-polarizations. As a result, these beams are unsuitable for cornea spectroscopy, although they have potential for optical force applications. Wavefront-modified vector beams can be applied to spherical target spectroscopy and optical force applications, such as medicine, medical imaging, and optical tweezers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.494460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T17:00:05Z","timestamp":1698944405000},"page":"40293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Wavefront-modified vector beams for THz cornea spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-912X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joel","family":"Lamberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020hwjq30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Zarrinkhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020hwjq30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technical University of Catalonia\/UPC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksi","family":"Tamminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020hwjq30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7221-6773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Baggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020hwjq30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Ala-Laurinaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020hwjq30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Catalonia\/UPC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Romeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Catalonia\/UPC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed E. 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Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}