{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:22:05Z","timestamp":1785406925802,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-0-00239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-00239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-0-00702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-0-00702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicon-based Schottky barrier photodetectors (SBPDs) are a cost-effective alternative to compound semiconductor-based photodetectors by extending the silicon\u2019s photodetection range to the near-infrared (NIR) region. However, SBPDs still suffer from low quantum yield due to poor absorption in a metal layer and low emission efficiency of hot electrons. This study investigates the use of thin copper (Cu) films as a means of improving the performance of SBPDs operating in the NIR region. Our results show that thin-film Cu SBPDs present a higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to other metal SBPDs due to their low Schottky barrier height and long mean free path. Notably, at a bias of \u22123\u2005V, the thinnest Cu SBPDs exhibit an EQE of the order of 1% at 1510\u2005nm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.501753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T12:01:34Z","timestamp":1698148894000},"page":"38578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Enhancing the external quantum efficiency of Schottky barrier photodetectors through thin copper films"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4253-2353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jongeun","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05apxxy63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonghoon","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05apxxy63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoungsik","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05apxxy63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R1","author":"Parker","year":"2012"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00895-3","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2478\/s11772-013-0089-3","volume":"21","author":"Chrzanowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Rev."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa5ab3","volume":"50","author":"LaPierre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4746425","volume":"101","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01156","volume":"5","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.379549","volume":"7","author":"Frydendahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1021\/nl501090w","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275202","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa74a3","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2642","volume":"4","author":"Sobhani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25797","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.025797","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b00623","volume":"5","author":"Tanzid","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203056","volume":"332","author":"Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4288","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1021\/nl400196z","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42663-3","volume":"9","author":"Gosciniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100714","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100714","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2010.2046720","volume":"46","author":"Scales","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c00478","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c01923","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122301","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.50.122301","volume":"50","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.005271","volume":"37","author":"Raki\u0107","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.5.002501","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.125105","volume":"73","author":"Zhukov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa6b9d","volume":"29","author":"Nguyen-Truong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elspec.2019.02.003","volume":"241","author":"Ridzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/00018730110102187","volume":"50","author":"Sondheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Phys."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171910","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2917454","volume":"92","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1101(70)90098-5","volume":"13","author":"Andrews","year":"1970","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R30","author":"Sze","year":"2021"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22108","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1644029","volume":"84","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c01281","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2021.3064068","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2952193","volume":"92","author":"Casalino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2021.3130566","volume":"69","author":"Syu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01840","volume":"3","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15505","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.423897","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304368","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202304368","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"oe-31-23-38578-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01021","volume":"5","author":"Krayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-31-23-38578&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:31:24Z","timestamp":1722958284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-31-23-38578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.501753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.501753","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"7 August 2023","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 October 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"31 October 2023","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}