{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:47:56Z","timestamp":1767192476600,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12204341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Starting funding of Suzhou University of Science and Technology","award":["332114702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332114702"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Disciplines of the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan","award":["2021135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021135"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Charge migration initiated by the coherent superposition of several electronic states is a basic process in intense laser-matter interactions. Observing this process on its intrinsic timescale is one of the central goals of attosecond science. Here, using forward-scattering photoelectron holography we theoretically demonstrate a scheme to probe the charge migration in molecules. In our scheme, by solving the time-dependent Schr\u00f6dinger equation, the photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs) for strong-field tunneling ionization of the molecule are obtained. For a superposition state, it is shown that an intriguing shift of the holographic interference appears in the PEMDs, when the molecule is aligned perpendicularly to the linearly polarized laser field. With the quantum-orbit analysis, we demonstrate that this shift of the interference fringes is caused by the time evolution of the non-stationary superposition state. By analyzing the dependence of the shift on the final parallel momentum of the electrons, the relative phase and the expansion coefficient ratio of the two electronic states involved in the superposition state are determined accurately. Our study provides an efficient method for probing the charge migration in molecules. It will facilitate the application of the forward-scattering photoelectron holography to survey the electronic dynamics in more complex molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.513783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T06:00:50Z","timestamp":1702620050000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Probing the electron motion in molecules using forward-scattering photoelectron holography"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Yijing","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8555-543X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-32-1-857-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2007.11.031","volume":"450","author":"L\u00fcnnemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. 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