{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:50:49Z","timestamp":1789267849478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric transport processes and conditions can cause primary aerosols to interact, giving rise to secondary aerosols with unique chemical and physical properties. These new species of aerosols can potentially influence the light-scattering properties of the aerosol ensemble and thus the climate system in ways that are not yet fully understood. In this study, the effects of different aerosol types on the scattering of incident solar radiation are modeled and the contribution of secondary aerosols to the aerosol scattering ensemble is highlighted. Using the discrete dipole approximation method, the scattering properties of freshwater droplets, sea salts (liquid, dry, and wet solids), ice crystals, clay minerals, clay particles coated with a thin film of water and sea salt droplets, black carbon (BC), and a complex particle of clay, sea salt, and BC with sulphate coating are calculated and compared. The calculations assume a spherical particle shape model for marine aerosols, a distorted cube for wet salts and ice, and a distorted ellipse with an induced surface roughness length for terrestrial aerosols at a size parameter of x=5 and a wavelength range of 400 to 750 nm. The results show that tiny ice crystals trapped in freshwater droplets are the most efficient atmospheric scatterers, followed by sea salt droplets, while BC absorbs the most compared to other aerosols studied. On average, the atmospheric interaction between marine and terrestrial aerosols is able to enhance atmospheric light scattering and polarisation by aerosols compared to terrestrial aerosols. This study suggests that the scenario in which there are many freshwater aerosols in the atmosphere can be very healthy for the Earth\u2019s system compared to other aerosols. Therefore, we suggest that when formulating the radiative properties of aerosols in climate models, the scenarios of dominant freshwater aerosols and the contribution of secondary aerosols should not be ignored. The results presented here may be useful in the fields of Geoengineering and Aerosol-cloud microphysics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.514164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T09:00:14Z","timestamp":1705309214000},"page":"4614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modeling the contribution of secondary aerosols on aerosol scattering ensemble: a comparative analysis of the scattering abilities of different aerosol species"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5316-4063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nkongho Ayuketang","family":"Arreyndip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041kdhz15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebobenow","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Buea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R2","first-page":"V14","volume":"2010","author":"Colucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.004","volume":"196","author":"Ersoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001","volume":"89","author":"Andreae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL01710","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<0725:APAFMF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"126","author":"Zhu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090983","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717883115","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5229","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD038693","volume":"128","author":"Hicks","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00793","volume":"6","author":"Mayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00550.x","volume":"63","author":"Kandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00553.x","volume":"63","author":"Lieke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027869","volume":"123","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033674","volume":"126","author":"Kanngie\u00dfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/opt4020028","volume":"4","author":"Arreyndip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optics"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2019.105180","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Draine","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1305.6497"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-143-2014","volume":"14","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R21","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2002"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.03.012","volume":"112","author":"Vincent","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.11.001491","volume":"11","author":"Draine","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1086\/166795","volume":"333","author":"Draine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.25.002693","volume":"25","author":"Draine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1094342008097914","volume":"23","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. High. Perf. Comp. Appl"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2007.01.033","volume":"106","author":"Yurkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2007.01.034","volume":"106","author":"Yurkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.01.031","volume":"112","author":"Yurkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299307","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.40","volume":"133","author":"Kahnert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005558","volume":"110","author":"Kahnert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(02)00075-4","volume":"77","author":"Kahnert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2020.107177","volume":"254","author":"Kahnert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.16.001198","volume":"16","author":"Goodman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-2865-2020","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.000001","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033038","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/3\/033038","volume":"14","author":"Patrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.09.006","volume":"204","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17405","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.427611","volume":"29","author":"Zong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.35.000163","volume":"35","author":"Frezza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-3861-2023","volume":"23","author":"Panta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"oe-32-3-4614-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009897","volume":"113","author":"Chou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-32-3-4614&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:33:24Z","timestamp":1722958404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-32-3-4614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.514164","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.514164","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"24 November 2023","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"15 January 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"26 January 2024","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}