{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:05:03Z","timestamp":1790604303729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Campus Science Foundation of Wuhan Institute of Technology","award":["22QD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22QD01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFB778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this paper, we report a high-resolution optical fiber strain sensing system based on optical frequency comb (OFC) beat-frequency demodulation. This system enables both static and dynamic strain detection, featuring a large dynamic strain measurement range and a large spectral range. The sensor employed a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) as the strain sensing element, which was probed by a narrow-linewidth laser stabilized to it. By leveraging the concept of beat frequency demodulation, the OFC, translated the optical frequency shifts within the strain sensor into the radio frequency (RF) for detection. Our findings revealed a static strain resolution of 247 p\u03b5, a dynamic strain resolution of 87 f\u03b5\/Hz\n                    <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 8 kHz, and a large spectral range of 10 kHz, which enables it to be far away from low-frequency noise. Additionally, we investigated the potential of a free-running OFC with a stable repetition rate for high-resolution static strain sensing. By actively sweeping the OFC\u2019s offset frequency in conjunction with the FFPI, we achieved a static strain resolution of 630 p\u03b5. This sensor system offers high resolution, moderate cost, and a degree of portability, rendering it suitable for a range of geophysical research applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.551796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:00:03Z","timestamp":1740103203000},"page":"14655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sub-100 f\n                    <b>\u03b5<\/b>\n                    resolution strain sensing based on an optical fiber frequency comb"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3720-8062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jcykh16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jcykh16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9821-3834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jcykh16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.00A428","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2012.2201217","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2689821","volume":"35","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2200233","volume":"30","author":"Moccia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.001945","volume":"16","author":"Gatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195818","volume":"330","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1117\/12.835199","article-title":"Optical-frequency-comb stabilized lasers for interrogation of fibre-resonator strain sensors","author":"Jones","year":"2009"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3052170","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1982.1131298","volume":"30","author":"Yoshino","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.001066","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6906","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.006906","volume":"57","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.003715","volume":"15","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2923424","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1286663","volume":"69","author":"Black","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2912171","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19544","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.019544","volume":"17","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.003169","volume":"40","author":"Hadeler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.012321","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000879","volume":"4","author":"Leopardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.456507","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.006996","volume":"22","author":"Sinclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.514182","volume":"49","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.477295","volume":"31","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.491684","volume":"48","author":"Laumer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3011575","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618377","volume":"15","author":"Kersey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.128081","volume":"513","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.129233","volume":"531","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18523","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.426398","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16017","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.016017","volume":"17","author":"Knabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.415611","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2018.2880793","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-7-14655-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16474-y","volume":"12","author":"Hoque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-7-14655&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T12:53:49Z","timestamp":1742820829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-7-14655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.551796","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.551796","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"11 December 2024","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}