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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The performance of the diode-pumped Tm:CALGO laser operating on the\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transition was studied in detail by employing the crystals with different Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    doping levels in the range of 1.5 at.% to 5 at.%, and Watt-level continuous-wave laser operation was first realized. Under the wing-pumping scheme, the maximum laser output power reached 1.48 W with a broad free-running laser spectrum spanning across ~64 nm (2284-2348 nm). The two key energy-transfer processes among Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions governing the efficiency of 2.3-\u00b5m Tm lasers,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.,<\/jats:italic>\n                    cross-relaxation and energy-transfer upconversion, are quantified for Tm:CALGO. Unprecedented long-wavelength emission up to 2.55 \u00b5m is also observed from this laser, representing the first evidence of a phonon-terminated (vibronic) lasing associated with the\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transition. This work demonstrated the potential of Tm:CALGO crystal for femtosecond pulse generation at 2.3-2.5 \u00b5m.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.555244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T18:00:42Z","timestamp":1742234442000},"page":"15516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diode-pumped Tm:CALGO lasers operating on the\n                    <sup>3<\/sup>\n                    H\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <sup>3<\/sup>\n                    H\n                    <sub>5<\/sub>\n                    transition"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-7069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongben","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-0668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pavel","family":"Loiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Eremeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-2381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-5599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Camy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-6351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dechun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-7-15516-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.421999","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. 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