{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:14:42Z","timestamp":1785420882295,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62375127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2023812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Outstanding Postdoctoral Program for LW Shang","award":["2024ZB-380486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZB-380486"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Start-up Funding","award":["90YAT23027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90YAT23027"]}]},{"name":"Prospective layout Special Fund of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","award":["ILA-22022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ILA-22022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Raman spectroscopy has been proved to have the potential to accurate diagnose a variety of diseases, and what we believe to be novel Raman probes or instruments for clinical applications were constantly developed. However, biological tissues are usually structurally complex. so that the Raman signals collected in vivo may come from a variety of chemical components, even different tissues. This work proposed a Raman spectral unmixing approach, which can separate the signals of different tissues from their mixed spectra. Specifically, multimodal frequency and time-frequency transformation were performed together to extract the different features of mixed spectra. An attention U-net model was introduced to predict the spectra of target tissues in each modality. Then multimodal fusion was conducted to filter and integrate effective information from the above modalities and obtained accurate unmixed spectra. Canine knee joints with osteoarthritis were selected as the research subject, and the spectra of subchondral bone and cartilage were successfully separated from their mixed spectra, which can be further applied in osteoarthritis research just like the actual measured spectra. This work will contribute to biological in vivo detection of Raman probes or instruments, enabling them to separate signals from different tissues, structures, and even biochemical molecular components, achieving more accurate prediction and diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.555722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:07:33Z","timestamp":1742904453000},"page":"16795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Raman spectral unmixing via multimodal time-frequency transformations and deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-7962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linwei","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8954-9857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01scyh794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1366\/14-07592","volume":"68","author":"Esmonde-White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5389","volume":"49","author":"Gala de Pablo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01323B","volume":"141","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01659-5","volume":"126","author":"Hanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119732","volume":"256","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta, Part A"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00850F","volume":"45","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202100354","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202100354","volume":"15","author":"Stomp-Agenant","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-020-07549-7","volume":"127","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.844293","volume":"43","author":"Nascimento","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-011-0957-1","volume":"130","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20309","volume":"69A","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytometry, Part A"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2407439121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2407439121","volume":"121","author":"Georgiev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20354","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02720","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44864-5","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab5745","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY00045A","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.09.001","volume":"47","author":"Saxena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202716","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3035884","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2014.06.012","volume":"65","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2738401","volume":"34","author":"Ramachandram","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab569","volume":"23","author":"Stahlschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.05.015","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi-Kirschvink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.03.005","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1049\/joe.2018.8765","volume":"2019","author":"Ashouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2758745","volume":"65","author":"Satpathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25013","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702819888949","volume":"74","author":"Wahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01966","volume":"94","author":"Baliyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00222","volume":"2","author":"Bergholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS. Cent. Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1423-1","volume":"29","author":"de Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers. Med. Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-8-16795-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2020.100269","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Rep."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-8-16795&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T14:35:59Z","timestamp":1744036559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-8-16795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.555722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.555722","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"13 January 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}