{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T23:48:28Z","timestamp":1792972108899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11705091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11705091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018557","name":"Science and Technology Project of Nantong City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JC12022066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC12022066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018557","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Weak light intensity positions induced by interference fading adversely affect the sensing performance of phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (\u03a6-OTDR). Most effective fading suppression methods rely on frequency or phase modulation of the light source, which requires complex hardware modifications. To solve the above issue, this paper proposes a novel multi-channel data synthesizing method based on deep neural network (MDS-DNN) to reduce the impact of interference fading on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of \u03a6-OTDR. The proposed algorithm can work efficiently without any modification of the conventional \u03a6-OTDR setup. The spatial sampling rate of the \u03a6-OTDR systems is typically much higher than the spatial resolution. This means that neighboring sampling points carry the same external vibration signal, providing redundant information. Therefore, it is possible to perform comprehensive analysis on these multi-channel data to improve the suppression capability of interference fading noise. This work designs a long short-term memory (LSTM) network-based framework and an end-to-end training strategy to automatically learn the correlation between these multi-channel data and the ideal sensing signal. Simulation and experimental results show that the MDS-DNN algorithm can effectively suppress phase noise and improve the SNR at fading positions. Experiments using the data collected from the actual \u03a6-OTDR system demonstrate that the output SNR can reach 49.88 dB, which is 19.65 dB higher than the average level of the input channels. Moreover, the MDS-DNN method reduces the false alarm rate caused by interference fading by one order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.555768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T06:01:56Z","timestamp":1744005716000},"page":"18642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fading suppression method based on redundant data within the spatial resolution and deep learning for a \u03a6-OTDR system"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Xianglei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xp9wg62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-5949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xp9wg62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xp9wg62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-6065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xp9wg62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xp9wg62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13262-7","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04860-y","volume":"9","author":"Jousset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R273","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2017-0718.1","volume":"83","author":"Egorov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4445","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2542981","volume":"34","author":"Tejedor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.395725","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12880","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.422255","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19840022","volume":"20","author":"Healey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2275179","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3023699","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2170960","volume":"30","author":"Iida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2018.2881757","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3003440","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15452","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.422608","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2918353","volume":"37","author":"Zabihi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16138","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.016138","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30463","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3329661","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22608","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3306199","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6691","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3015196","volume":"38","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33433","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.403263","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3369087","volume":"73","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240119","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2024.240119","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6699","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3016712","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3118394","volume":"40","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33467","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.439646","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3195932","volume":"40","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3322894","volume":"42","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10096","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.453060","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4346","volume":"14","author":"Lever","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3212905","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10203","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3165123","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"oe-33-9-18642-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2023.3264558","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-9-18642&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T13:06:06Z","timestamp":1745240766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-9-18642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.555768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.555768","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"16 January 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"4 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"21 April 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}